Consonants

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f?'n?I???
What on earth was that? Chpts 1213 Roach, P
(2002)
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f?'n?I??? 2 sub branches
Segmental phonology behaviour of vowel and
consonants

Suprasegmental phonology- prosodic properties of
speech such as stress, length, pitch, intonation
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Connected speech I
(Strong and weak forms) Weak forms-pronounced in
an unstressed manner Sometimes pronunciation is
barely recognizable, context that makes it
understandable Function wordseither strong or
weak depending Conjunctions, articles, pronouns,
prepositions, some aux. modal verbs. Furthur
egs. Roach Chapter 12
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• Connected speech II
• Suprasegmental features (accompanying segmental
  strings)
• Stress, length, syllable juncture, pitch,
  intonation, voice quality, rhythm
• means for analysing and transcribing
• an analysis of speech output which ignores
  prosodic aspects will be incomplete

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Connected speech III

• Suprasegmental features? Why important?
• For differentiating meaning
• Choice of pitch pattern ready
• Rising intonation (question, means Are you
  ready?)
• Falling intonation (statement, means I am
  ready)
• Stress location-convert, noun or verb
• Syllable length wood or wooed

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Connected speech III

• Syllable juncture
• ð? we?t?k?t?t (the way to cut it /the waiter cut
  it)
• ?ne?m (a name/an aim)
• wa??uz (why choose/white shoes)
• wa?.?uz - why choose
• wa?t. ?uz - white shoes

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Phonemic analysis Some problems 1. Affricates
2. The English vowel system 3. Syllabic
consonants 4. Consonant clusters (s plus
plosives) 5. Distinctive features
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1. Affricates

• one-phoneme or two-phoneme analysis??
• one phoneme analysis
• ? , ? as one consonant phoneme
• two phoneme analysis
• t, ?, d, ? as 4 independent phonemes respectively
• One argument if one-phoneme analysiscombine
  quite freely with other consonants to form
  consonant clusters

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2. The English vowel system
Phonologists propose 1. use less than 10 vowel
phonemes 2. consider long vowels and diphthongs
as consisting of two phonemes each, Use set of
basic or simple vowel phonemes ?, e, æ, ?, ?, ?,
?
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• 2 ways
• Long vowels using short vowels twice
• eg. ?? ( i ) ?? ( u ) ? ?( ? )
• Diphthongs composed of vowel phoneme (?/?/?)
  triphthongs vowel phoneme ? ? ?

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b. Consider long vowels diphthongs as vowel
consonant Basic vowel phoneme j, w, h Thus,
long vowels ?j (i ) æh ( ? ) Diphthongs ej
(e?) ? w (??) eh (e ?)
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• 3. Syllabic consonant
• Structure of syllables
• C1VC2, V - nucleus, C1 -Onset, C2 Coda
• Onset initial part of syllable, preceding
  nucleus
• Coda the final part of a syllable
• Nucleus central part of syllable, usually
  vowel/diphthong
• Syll. Consonant is a consonant which makes up
  the nucleus of a syllable all by itself, a
  syllable in which no vowel is found eg. l, r or a
  nasal

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• Differentiating syllabic from non syllabic
• coddling k?dl?i? codling k?dli?
• Verb coddle Small cod
• Proposal
• Phoneme called syllabicity symbolised by ?
• Invent phonemes l?,r?, n? (NB. ? goes right under
  the symbols)
• Other egs. button b?tn ?, bottle b?tl?

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S plus plosives
spill, still, skill sp/t/k p/t/k
aspirated in syllable initial postion but not in
the above, replaced by unaspirated b, d, g? sb,
sd, sk Contrasts neutralised. ( Continue with
schwa, distinctive features next week.)
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The End
Tutorial (Roach) Pg. 132-133 Roach Continue with
your recorded exercises -Audio Units 16 -
19 Consultation on your coming project.