Unit 3 Nanomaterials

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Unit 3 Nanomaterials
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Fullerenes

• Discovery
• Description and Nomenclature
• Applications
• Synthesis and Manufacturing

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Introduction to Fullerenes

• Discovery of Buckminster Fullerene
• Smalleys Apparatus
• C60
• A new form of carbon
• Discovery of carbon nanotubes
• Properties of carbon nanotubes
• Applications of carbon nanotubes

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Smalley, Kroto and Curl

• Research in long carbon chain molecules observed
  in outer space.
• Discovered Buckminsterfullerene a new form of
  carbon shaped like a soccer ball1985.
• Received the noble prize in Chemistry in 1996 for
  the discovery of fullerenes.

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Smalleys Apparatus
Distribution of carbon clusters produced under
various experimental conditions. a) Low helium
density over graphite target at time of laser
vaporization. b) High helium density over
graphite target at time of laser vaporization. c)
Same as b), but with addition of "integration
cup" to increase time between vaporization and
cluster analysis.
http//www.chemistry.wustl.edu/edudev/Fullerene/f
ullerene.html
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http//www.bfi.org/
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A new form of carbon!
Graphite
Fullerenes
Diamond
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Sumio Iijima

• Discovered the carbon nanotube in 1991.
• "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon", S.
  Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991)
• The carbon nanotube is like a sheet of graphite
  that has been rolled into a cylinder.

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Carbon Nanotubes at CVTC
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Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
Zig Zag
Armchair
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Chiral
This configuration can be thought of as in
between Zig Zag and Armchair. When viewed from
the end Chiral looks like a spiral.
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Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
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Carbon Nanotube Nomenclature
(0,0)
(1,0)
(2,0)
(1,1)
(2,1)
The white circles indicate a metallic CNT The
black circles indicate a semiconductor CNT
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nxn Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
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Distortions may occur in the CNT structure.
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C60 Enclosing Other Atoms
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Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

• 100 times stronger than steel at 1/6 the weight.
• Can be conductors or semiconductors.

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Potential Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

• Energy storage
• Field emission devices
• Transistors
• AFM tips
• Nanotweezers
• Composite materials
• Nano structures
• Potential for extremely strong light weight
  cables/space elevator
• Physical memory

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Nanotubes may be spun into yarn
http//www.csiro.au/resources/pfh6.html
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Peapod Nanotubes
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Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
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Energy Storage

• Hydrogen Storage
• 6.5 by weight is needed
• Some studies show CNTs can achieve this
• Lithium intercalation
• Electrochemical supercapacitors

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Molecular Electronics

• Field emitters
• Transistors CNTs are p-type. They can be doped
  with K to make them n-type.
• Nanotube RAM physical memory device
• Nanowires
• CNT wires could replace copper wires someday.
  They may be able to carry 10-100 x the current of
  copper.
• RbCs2C60 is the highest temperature carbon based
  super conductor yet discovered Tc 33 K

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Single Nanotube Properties

• Electronic properties can be measured with STM.
• Raman spectroscopy can be used to identify
  nanotubes.

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Nanoprobes and Sensors

• AFM STM probe tips
• Nanotweezers
• CNTs enclosed in lipids have been proposed as a
  biosensor.
• http//www.cea.fr/gb/actualites/article9.htm

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Composite Materials

• Composite materials usually involve adding a
  material to a polymer such as plastic.
• CNTs added to plastic can result in a conductive
  plastic.

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Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display
http//www.physorg.com/news86.html
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Super strong cables

• The strength of carbon nanotubes have suggested
  that it may be possible to create a super strong
  and lightweight cable with them.
• Such a cable may be able to create a space
  elevator.

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Space Elevator
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpnwZmWoymeI
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Functionalized Nanotubes

• Carbon nanotubes can react chemically with many
  different chemicals.
• Functionalizing CNTs give them different
  properties such as they can be made soluble in
  water.
• Aldrich sells CNTs with polyaminobenzene sulfonic
  acid (PABS) a water soluble conducting polymer
  covalently bonded directly to the nanotube.
• Lipids can be organized around CNTs.
• Benzene can be attached to carbon nanotubes.
• Nanotubes can be opened filled with a metal and
  closed.

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Nano Machines

• http//www.nas.nasa.gov/Groups/Nanotechnology/publ
  ications/1997/fullereneNanotechnology/

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CNT Synthesis

• A metal particle is acts as a catalyst for carbon
  nanotube growth.
• Growth takes place in an inert atmosphere. Often
  He.
• A source of carbon and energy are needed.

Metal
CH2CH2
Substrate
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Arc Discharge
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Arch discharge in LN2
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Laser Ablation
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Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
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CNT Purification

• Carbon nanotubes must usually be purified in some
  way to remove the catalyst.
• Oxidation
• Acid treatment
• Annealing
• Ultrasound
• Magnetic purification
• Micro-filtration
• Chromatography

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Links

• http//students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/Wondrous20World
  20of20Carbon20Nanotubes_Final.pdf
• http//www.chemistry.wustl.edu/edudev/Fullerene/f
  ullerene.html
• http//www.nas.nasa.gov/Groups/Nanotechnology/publ
  ications/1997/fullereneNanotechnology/
• http//www.trnmag.com/Stories/2002/103002/Pulling_
  nanotubes_makes_thread_103002.html
• http//lib1.store.vip.sc5.yahoo.com/lib/nanolab200
  0/biosensor.pdf
• http//www.ee.psu.edu/grimes/publications/apl-phot
  o.pdf
• http//www.physics.bc.edu/faculty/Ren20files/publ
  ications/p152.pdf
• http//www.crpp.u-bordeaux.fr/index.php?rubrique2
  pageactivite_scientifique.phpactivite284sujet
  503
• http//www.spectroscopynow.com/Spy/basehtml/SpyH/1
  ,1181,0-0-0-0-0-home-0-0,00.html
• Manufacturers
• http//www.atomate.com/

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Manufacturers

• http//home.flash.net/buckyusa/
• http//carbolex.com/
• http//cnanotech.com/
• http//www.fibrils.com/
• http//www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanotube.html
• http//www.nano-lab.com/
• http//carbonsolution.com/
• http//www.mercorp.com/mercorp/
• http//www.nanocarblab.com/
• http//www.nanocs.com/
• http//www.nanocyl.com/
• http//www.nanoledge.com/
• http//www.e-nanoscience.com/

• http//www.sesres.com/Nanotubes.asp
• http//www.sunnano.com/
• http//www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nanotube/
• http//www.thomas-swan.co.uk/pages/nmframeset.html
  
• http//www.apexnanomaterials.com/
• http//www.timesnano.com/default.html
• http//www.seocal.com/products_pdflist.html
• http//www.simagis.com/nanotubes.htm
• http//www.xintek.com/products/overview.html
• http//www.helixmaterial.com/
• http//store.nanoscience.com/index.asp?PageAction
  VIEWPRODProdID168

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News

• http//www.newscientist.com/article.ns?iddn7081
• http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/05021
  3131043.htm
• http//www.nanopicoftheday.org/
• http//www.nano-tsunami.com/
• http//www.physorg.com/news3361.html
• http//www.aip.org/tip/news.html
• http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/index.asp?objid
  BIO1405
• http//www.mrsec.virginia.edu/nugget2nanorev.htm