Radio Frequency Identification

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Standardization and Commercialization of
RFID RFID Committee - Singapore 25 January
2000 presented by Craig K. Harmon
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Craig K. Harmon President - Q.E.D.
SystemsVisit our web site http//www.qed.org

• Standards Development and Data Collection
  Education, Consulting, Systems Design
• Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
• Chairman U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 2
  Data Structure
• Vice-chairman U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG
  4 RFID
• Sr. Project Editor Secretary ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC
  31/WG 4/SG 3 RFID- Air Interface
• Project Editor Secretary ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG
  4/ARP RFID- Applications
• Chairman, ANSI MH 10/SC 8/WG 4 RFID for Transport
  Units
• SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Telecommunications Union (ITU-R)
• USA Expert and Project Editor to ISO TC 122/WG 4
  (Package Labeling)
• Chairman Project Editor , ANSI MH10.8.2 (Data
  Application Identifiers) previously known as
  ANSI/FACT-1-1991 (Data Identifiers)
• Project Editor, ANSI MH10.8.3M (2D Work Group)
• Secretary, ANSI NCITS T6 (Radio Frequency
  Identification)
• Charter member, AIDC 100
• ANSI Information Systems Standards Board (ISSB)
• UCC Industrial Commercial Advisory Committee
  (ICAC)
• UCC Shipping Container Label Marking Committee
  (SCMLC)
• UCC Tracking Work Group (TWG)
• Project Editor, American Trucking Association
  (ATA) ADE Work Group
• AIAG Bar Code, Applications, and 2D Committees

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Current Projects

• U.S. DoD Testing of RF Tags for HazMat
• Model for SC 31/WG 3 MH 10 Conformance/Performan
  ce
• U.S. DoD Migration to Commercial Standards
• Different Technologies, Same Syntax and Semantics
• U.S. DoD Petition for International Road
  Telematics
• JEIDA (Japan) Report on U.S. RFID Applications
• NRI (Japan) Report on RFID Standardization
• ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID Applications, Transport
  Units
• Telecommunications - Cable Reels
• Chemical Industry - HazMat Tracking
• Returnable Containers
• Utility Industry Standard for Automatic Data
  Capture

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Standards Organizations
International
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
(United Nations)
United Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1)
ITU-T (fka CCITT) Telecommunications
TC 23 Animal Identification
SC 31 Automatic Data Capture
ITU-R (fka CCIR IFBR) Radio-frequency Issues
TC 104 Freight Containers
SC 17 IC Cards
WG 1 - Symbology
ITU-D (fka BDT) Telecommunications Development
TC 204 Road Telematics
WG 2 - Data Content
WG 3 - Conformance
TC 122 Packaging
WG 4 - RFID
Regional
European Telecommunications Standardization
Institute (ETSI)
Comité Européen Normalisation (CEN)
Comité Européen Normalisation Electrotechnique
(CENELEC)
National
Standards Australia (SAA)
Deutches Institut fur Normung (DIN)
British Standards Institute (BSI)
ANSI
PSB
JISC
NCITS
UCC
EIA
AIM
MHI
Other
ITSA
IEEE
T6
B10
Industry
ATA
CompTIA
EIA
AIA
HIBCC
AIAG
UCC
Other
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The Org Chart -- Global RFID Standards
ISO/IECJTC 1
ISO
Joint Technical Committee on Information
Technology
TC 104 SC4/WG2
TC 23 SC19/WG3
TC 204 WG15
SC 31 WG4
SC 17 WG8/TF2,TF3
International
International Container Tracking
International Animal Tags
International Road Telematics
International Smart Cards
International Automatic Identification
ANSI (US Natl Body)
CEN
EU NBs (BSI, NNI, DIN...)
APEC NB (JIS...)
TC 278
National/Regional
European Regional Road Telematics
US ANSI Accredited Standards Committees
IATA
AIM
ASTM
ATA
MH10
NCITS
American Trucking
Material Handling Labeling
US Road Telematics
International Air Transportation
HIBCC
AIAG
T6
B10
EIA
US RFID Item Mgmt
Automotive Industry Action Group
ID Card Technologies
Health Industry Business Communication Council
Electronics Industry Alliance
B10.5
Industry/Application
Contactless Cards
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International Standards Organization (ISO)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Technical Committee (TC) 122 (Packaging)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) - IT
ISO TC122 Work Group (WG) 4 (Package Labeling)
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Subcommittee 31 (ADC)
Secretariat Uniform Code Council (UCC)
National Body (NB) Technical Advisory Groups (TAG)
WG 1 Data Carrier
WG 2 Data Structure
WG 3 Conformance
WG 4 RF Tags
Convener S. Ackley (US)
Convener E. Boonet (BE)
Convener C. Swindin (UK)
Convener H. Barthel
U.S. TAG Administrator MHI
DAI ()
Code 39 ()
Linear Print Quality ()
Air Interface
Shipping Labels
ITF ()
Syntax ()
2D Print Quality ()
Unique RF Tag ID
MaxiCode ()
Masters ()
License Plate ()
Data Notation
Product Package Marking
Electronic Masters ()
Data Matrix ()
Application Profiles
Unique RF Tag ID
Test Specs BC Printers ()
Data Notation
EAN/U.P.C. ()
Data Objects
Test Specs BC Readers ()
Code 128 ()
Message Profiles
Data Objects
Dimensions Layout
Test Specs BC Verifiers ()
Message Profiles
PDF417 ()
Symbology Identifiers ()
Test Specs BC Print SW ()
Symbology Recommendations (Linear 2D)
OCR ()
Print Quality Level
Label Materials
License Plate Recommendations
Database / EDI Issues
RFID Applications
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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 (ADC) U.S. TAG
TAG Administrator AIMUSA
TG 4 RFID
TG 1 Data Carrier
TG 2 Data Structure
TG 3 Conformance
Convener J. Greaves
Convener T. Barkan
Convener C. Harmon
Convener C. Biss
Air Interface
Code 39 ()
DAI ()
Linear Print Quality ()
ITF ()
Syntax ()
Data Notation
2D Print Quality ()
MaxiCode ()
Data Objects
License Plate ()
Masters ()
Unique RF Tag ID
Data Matrix ()
Data Notation
Electronic Masters ()
EAN/U.P.C. ()
Application Profiles
Test Specs BC Printers ()
Data Objects
Message Profiles
Code 128 ()
Unique RF Tag ID
Test Specs BC Readers ()
PDF417 ()
Message Profiles
Test Specs BC Verifiers ()
Symbology Identifiers ()
Test Specs BC Print SW ()
OCR ()
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IC Card Classification (as of April,
1998) Courtesy DENSO
Integrated Circuit(s) Card
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17
Contactless IC Card
IC Cards with Contacts
Remote Coupling
Close Coupling (CICC)
Microwave
Vicinity (VICC)
Proximity (PICC)
13.56 MHz
2.45 GHz
13.56 MHz
4.91 MHz
3.57 MHz
gt 1 m
70 cm
10 cm
2 mm
Contact
1 Mb/s
10 kb/s
106 kb/s
106 kb/s
106 kb/s

ISO15693
ISO 14443
ISO 10536
ISO 7816
JTC 1/SC 31
WG 8/TF 3
WG 8/TF 2
WG 8/TF 1
WG 4
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U.S. Standards Update (ANSI NCITS T6)

• American National Standard 256 (NCITS 256-1999)
  is the RFID standard for item management.
• Completed draft standard was unanimously approved
  by the ANSI NCITS T6 committee published for
  public review and comment through July 5th no
  negative comments received NCITS Parent
  Committee approved standard 24 September 1999.
• Includes three 2.45 GHz and one UHF physical
  interfaces
• Also includes ANSI T6 developed API approved for
  use by ALL current and future ANSI-compliant RFID
  products for item management at every frequency
  (allows customers to develop software
  solutions NOW)

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RFID Item Management Standards

• The ANSI NCITS T6 committee unanimously approved
  ANSI NCITS 256-1999 for RFID Item Management
  including multiple frequencies and a common API
  (application programming interface). The draft
  was accepted by ISO as the official Working Draft
  for RFID at 2.45 GHz.
• Fully compliant products on the market
  demonstrations kits--including the device
  independent ANS NCITS 256 API, are available to
  begin developing solutions while concurrently
  evaluating compliant technologies.

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SC 31 Work Items Air Interface

• Part 1 - RFID for Item Management Air Interface
  Generic Parameters
• Part 2 - RFID for Item Management Air Interface
  below 135 kHz.
• Part 3 - RFID for Item Management Air Interface
  at 13.56 MHz.
• Part 4 - RFID for Item Management Air Interface
  at 2.45 GHz.
• Part 5 - RFID for Item Management Air Interface
  at 5.8 GHz.
• Part 6 - RFID for Item Management Air Interface
  at UHF Frequencies.

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SC 31/WG 4 Work Items

• Data Objects (to be assigned to WG 2 (Data
  Structure)
• Data Syntax (ISO 15434 / ASN.1) (with WG 2)

• Unique Identification of RF Tag and Registration
  Authority to Manage the Uniqueness (to WG 2)
• Application Profiles

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Other Standards

• SC 17
• ISO/IEC 7812 Parts 1 and 2 (80xx)
• ISO/IEC 7816-5 Application Identifier
• IC Manufacturers ID
• ISO TC 204
• ISO TC 104
• ISO TC 23
• ISO TC 130
• CEN TC 251

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Applications
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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Toll Roads Item Management
RFID Access Control Animal ID
RFID Item Management
RFID Smart Cards
Microwave EAS
Data Terminal
Cell Phone
Low Freq. EAS
Mid. Freq. EAS
TV
Data Modem
Radio Toys
Garage Door
AM
FM
CB
10 MHz
2.45 GHz
10 kHz
100 kHz
1 MHz
100 MHz
1000 MHz
300 GHz
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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Access Control Animal ID

• Inductive Magnetic
• Field Coupling
• lt150 kHz
• (125 kHz 134 kHz)

Low Freq. EAS
Data Modem
10 kHz
100 kHz
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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing basic and
  ubiquitous
• Relative freedom from regulatory limitations
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data at slow speeds and
  minimal distances
• Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood,
  aluminum)

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (iron, steel)
• Handles only small amounts of data
• Slow read speeds
• Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies
• Minimal Range

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lt150 KHz (125 KHz 134 KHz)

• Disadvantages
• Tag construction
• is thicker (than 13.56 MHz)
• is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)
• more complex (requires more turns of the
  induction coil)

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RFID PrimerFrequencies

• Inductive Magnetic
• Field Coupling
• 13.56 MHz
• (Popular Smart Card
• Frequency)

RFID Smart Cards
Mid. Freq. EAS
AM
CB
10 MHz
1 MHz
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13.56 MHz

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous
  
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data and minimal distances
• Penetrates water/tissue well
• Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil)
  lower costs to build
• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than
  higher MHz systems)
• Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)

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13.56 MHz

• Disadvantages
• Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus
  Europe)
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (unless very thick)
• Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)
• Larger tag size than higher frequencies
• Tag construction requires more than one surface
  to complete a circuit
• Minimal Range

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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Toll Roads

• Electromagnetic Field
• Coupling UHF
• gt400 MHz lt1 GHz
• (Popular U.S. Road
• Telematics Frequency)

Data Terminal
Cell Phone
1000 MHz
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gt400 MHz lt1GHz

• Advantages
• Effective around metals
• Best available frequency for distances of gt1m
• Tag size smaller than 13.56 MHz
• Smaller antennas
• Range licensed to 20-40' with reasonable sized
  tag (stamp to eraser size)
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
  conductive or absorptive materials)
• High data rate Large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna
  directionality)

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gt400 MHz lt1GHz

• Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate water/tissue
• 915 (902-928) MHz is a crowded band
  (competing/interfering technologies, e.g.,
  cellular)
• Regulatory issues (not available in many
  countries)
• Regulatory issues in Europe (similar band 869
  MHz requires dual-freq chip)

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RFID PrimerFrequencies

• Electromagnetic
• Field Coupling
• 2.45 GHz
• (U.S. Item
• Management
• Frequency)

RFID Item Management
Microwave EAS
2.45 GHz
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2.45 GHz

• Advantages
• Tag size smaller than inductive or UHF (1"x 1/4")
  
• Range greater range thaninductive w/o battery
• More bandwidth than UHF (more frequencies to
  hop)
• Smaller antennas than UHF or inductive
• High data rate

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2.45 GHz

• Advantages
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
  conductive, "lossy" materials)
• Can store large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna
  directionality)
• Effective around metals with tuning/design
  adaptations

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2.45 GHz

• Disadvantages
• More susceptible to electronic noise than UHF
• Shared spectrum with other technologies--microwave
  ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.
• Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor"
  tactics like FHSS
• Competitive requirement single chip--highly
  technical limited number of vendors
• Regulatory approvals still "in process"

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RFID PrimerFrequency

• gt5.8 GHz
• (European Road Telematics Frequency)
• Advantages
• Less congested band/less interference
• Disadvantages
• Not available in U.S. or many other countries
  (5.9 now in FCC review)
• Must orient antennas carefully
• Range limited (due to scaling issues/wavelengths)
• Chip difficult to build
• Expensive

RFID European Tolls
300 GHz
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RF Tag Standards
One international standard for item
management/logistics would be ideal. Recommend
dedicated UHF (915 - 921 MHz) or the 2.45 GHz ISM
band with a common protocol across all Regions.
If there are multiple standards, a set of common
protocols is recommended for
1) 125 - 135 kHz inductive for license plate
(unique tag ID) (20 numeric to 35 alphanumeric
characters) 2) 13.56 MHz passive for adjunct
Contactless IC Cards Apps (64 to 256
alphanumeric characters) plus unique tag ID 3)
UHF backscatter for general logistics above item
level (64 to 256 alphanumeric characters) plus
unique tag ID 4) 2.45 GHz backscatter for
general logistics above item level (64 to 256
alphanumeric characters) plus unique tag ID 5)
5.8 GHz active for road telematics, with 915-921
MHz as permitted for national standards.
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RF Tag Standards

• A tag ID needs to be a unique number
  world-wide. Establishing a unique tag ID may
  require a registration authority similar to
  NNIs service for EN 1571.
• Regardless of the media (RF tags, two-dimensional
  symbols, etc.) users demand a common data format.
  ISO/IEC 15434 (Common Syntax for High Capacity
  ADC Media) serves as a model, realizing that
  ISO/IEC 15434 does not currently support
  high-end RF tag capabilities of 1) Find one
  field without parsing the read of an entire tag
  2) Modify field without the reading of the
  entire tag and 3) Append field without the
  reading of the entire tag however, the syntax
  can be employed with a directory.

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Recommendations

• Logistics - Requirement for distances of 1 to 2 m
• The popular perspective is
• 13.56 MHz in Europe
• 902-928 MHz (915 band) in the United States
• 2450 MHz in Japan
• 915-921 MHz _at_ 4 Watts with FHSS
• Recommended by ETSI RP08 DSI III
• Permitted in ITU Region 2, some Region 1 and 3
  countries
• Supported by SC 31
• Supported by AIM
• Choices
• 915-921 MHz
• 2450 MHz with a battery
• 2450 MHz without a battery

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???
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THANK YOU!!
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