Global%20Dry%20Toilet%20Club%20of%20Finland

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Global Dry Toilet Club of Finland

• Sanitation in developing countries
• Zambia-project

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Global sanitation situation

• 300 million people with flushsan but
• 800 million with dysfunctional flushsan
• 2 700 million with basic pit latrines and
• 2 600 million with no sanitation at all, of which
• About 500 million in Africa
• Almost 2 000 million in Asia
• Global MDG Challenge
• 1 750 million to be served by 2015
• 450 million new installations by 2015
• 95 000 installations per day to 2015
• (Source EcoSanRes).

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Sanitation in the World
People with access to proper sanitation
Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment
2000 Report. WHO, UNICEF, 2000
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Sanitation facts and figures

• 2.2 million people in developing countries, most
  of them children, die every year from diseases
  associated with lack of access to safe drinking
  water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.
• Some 6,000 children die every day from diseases
  associated with lack of access to safe drinking
  water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene
  equivalent to 20 jumbo jets crashing every day.
• At any one time it is estimated that half of the
  worlds hospital beds are occupied by patients
  suffering from water-borne diseases.
• 200 million people in the world are infected with
  schistosomiasis, of whom 20 million suffer severe
  consequences.
• The average distance that women in Africa and
  Asia walk to collect water is 6 km.
• One flush of a toilet may use as much water as
  the average person in the developing world uses
  for a whole days washing, cleaning, cooking and
  drinking (about 10 l).
• The population of the Kibeira slum in Nairobi,
  Kenya pay up to five times the price for a litre
  of water than the average American citizen.

Source Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative
Council, 2003
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(Dry) Sanitation and MDGs 1/3

• Goal 1. Eradication of extreme hunger and poverty
  
• Halve the proportion of people whose income is
  less than 1 USD (from 1990)
• Halve the proportion of people who suffer from
  hunger (from 1990)
• Proper sanitation gt healthier adults and children
  to work and study, smaller amount of money to
  health expenses
• More water to use for gardens and fields, free
  fertilizer from composted toilet waste gt more
  food and more income
• Goal 2. All the children to primary education by
  2015
• Healthy child is more likely in school than the
  one who has diarrhoea
• Proper sanitation in schools helps children to
  concentrate to their studies
• Girls who dont have to carry the water and take
  care for family sanitation are more likely in
  school
• Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
  
• Water and sanitation are often womens
  responsibility, it may take many hours so in that
  time there is no possibility to go to school or
  work
• Women get usually more health problems from
  improper sanitation conditions gt when they are
  sick, they cannot work

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(Dry) Sanitation and MDGs 2/3

• Goal 4. Reduction of two-thirds of the under-five
  mortality
• Many of the fatal diseases for under-five are
  spreading because of bad sanitation conditions,
  e.g. about 5 000 children every day are dying
  because of diarrhoea gt with proper sanitation can
  be saved lives
• Goal 5. Reduction of three-quarters of maternal
  mortality ratio
• Good sanitation and hygiene during the pregnancy
  is essential for the health of mother and baby,
  e.g. urinary infections and anaemia may cause
  problems during the pregnancy diarrhoea,
  parasites etc. are worsening the situation
• Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
  diseases
• HIV-patience immune system is weak and bad
  sanitation may easily cause them serious problems
  and may affect e.g. their work ability, which may
  be essential for their family
• Malaria mosquito's are breeding in open waters
  bad sanitation, e.g. open sewerage systems and
  open wastewater pools increase their breeding
• Parasites and many other diseases are spreading
  from the open defecation places and are causing
  problems to millions of people

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(Dry) Sanitation and MDGs 3/3

• Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
• Sustainable development principles into country
  policies
• Halve the proportion of people suffering the lack
  of access to safe drinking water and basic
  sanitation by 2015
• Achievement of significant improvement in the
  lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by
  2020
• Good sanitation is essential for the environment
  and the people
• Sanitation is slums is a big problem, the lack of
  space makes sanitation even more difficult,
  diseases are spreading easily in densely
  populated area, slum areas are not usually the
  first to get water and sanitation gt improving
  sanitation is improving peoples lives as a whole
  
• Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for
  development
• Increase aid to developing countries, creation of
  non-discrimi-native trading and financial systems
  and debt reductions
• Sanitation programmes is helping people in many
  ways, so aid is also efficiently used money is
  not always the whole answer, it is also needed to
  think where/how to use the money

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Sanitation projects in developing countries

• Finland has made bigger projects e.g. in Vietnam
  (1991-2005), in Egypt, (1993-2005), and in
  Ethiopia (1994-2006) in some projects sanitation
  has been one part (e.g. in Nepal, 2001-2005)
• smaller projects in various countries, mainly by
  NGOs (e.g. FCA, Unicef, RC)
• most of the ecological sanitation/ dry sanitation
  projects have been small scale /pilot projects
• Organisations GTZ (Germany), SIDA (Sweden)
• http//ecosanres.org/map/index.html

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Project cycle for NGOs financed by Ministry for
Foreign Affairs
New project
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Zambia

• 11,6 million inhabitants.
• Area 750 000 km2
• One of the poorest countries in the world, GDP
  450 / person (Finland 32 790)
• Infant mortality 102 per./ 1000 per. (Finland 3/
  1000), life expectancy 38 years (Finland 79)
• Labour force- by occupation agriculture (85 of
  workers), industry (6 ), services (9 )
  unemployment rate 50

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Dry Sanitation Improvement Programme for Zambia
(ZASP)

• Project duration 2006-2008
• Financing Ministry for Foreign Affairs of
  Finland (85 ) and Global Dry Toilet Club of
  Finland (15 ), Budget 145 310
• Project area Kaloko, Masaiti District, Zambia
  (26 000 ha)
• App. 10 000 inhabitants (11 communities)
• 3 big schools, several smaller community schools,
  training centre and clinic

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Project planning

• Water survey in the area 1999, sanitation was not
  research properly but was noticed that there were
  no proper toilets in the area
• In Spring 2005 Kaloko Trust was contacted again
  and sanitation situation was still quite the same
  and project plan was made in Finland, e-mail
  discussions with Kaloko Trust
• No preparatory trip because the area was familiar
  before and there was no time
• Project plan in May 2005 and funding application
  for the ministry

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Project objects

• Improve health and hygiene in the area by
  preventing pathogens from toilet waste from
  spreading to the environment
• Improve schooling possibilities by building up
  toilets to the schools
• Improve equality by ensuring girls toilets and
  hygiene facilities in schools
• Closing the loop of nutrients by using toilet
  waste as free fertilizers in the gardens and
  fields thus improving the food secure
• Strengthening of the local economic activity
  (cash crops, making of toilet parts and
  buildings)
• Encourage people to start to built there own
  private toilets and improve their water and
  sanitation conditions and hygiene
• Making simple procedure model for sanitation
  projects, so the experiences of the project can
  be utilized

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Project implementation

• Baseline study in 2006
• Present state of the sanitation (toilet types,
  numbers, users etc.).
• Hygiene and the illnesses which have appeared in
  the area
• Water supply, sanitation and possible sewerage
  systems (e.g. water sources, wastewater
  treatment)
• Effect of the local culture on toilets (e.g.
  differences between male and female behaviour,
  hygiene, the local traditions and beliefs etc.).
• The use of composting toilets in Zambia (nutrient
  circulation closed chain, need for nutrients,
  improvement of cultivation, manufacturing and
  selling toilet parts)
• Chartings of target groups for education (what
  kind of education has been given, what would be
  needed, training of the contact persons and
  project assistants, training of the villagers
  etc.).
• Partners in cooperation (previous and present
  projects, co-operation willingness, need for
  different projects in the area etc.)

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Water in Kaloko

• 2/3 of inhabitants are using open, unprotected
  shallow wells and rivers as their water source.
  Only few boreholes in the area.
• Open wells can be easily contaminated, especially
  in rain season. Health problems e.g. with
  diarrhoea, cholera, skin infectious and
  parasites, no water samples analyzed so far
• Four streams/rivers in the area, but usually they
  yield water only 9-10 months. Streams are used in
  many purposes e.g. drinking water source, dish
  and human washing place, drinking place for
  animals etc.

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Private toilets in the area

• App. 40 of inhabitants have toilet to use
• Most of them are simple pit toilets and mainly
  they are in bad shape, only 4 are using
  VIP-toilets
• For the rest of the people it is usual to visit
  bushes or dig small hole in the ground.

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Public toilets, schools

• In schools, too few toilets and also their
  quality is bad. In some schools no toilets at
  all.
• Usually no hand washing possibilities

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Public toilets, other

• In other public places like market area,
  community health posts and churches no toilets or
  hole in the ground
• Toilets in the clinic are quite new and in
  moderate shape, at least outside

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Baseline survey findings

• Many families are using the same toilet in
  village, usually toilet or pit is about 20 m from
  the house
• Peoples knowledge about spreading of diseases is
  quite good (e.g. diseases are spreading by flies
  and excreta) but means to prevent diseases are
  not known or carried out
• Not many beliefs linked to toilet waste
• Most of the people dont know about composting or
  composting toilets, flushing toilet is known
• Most of the people are still ready to use
  composted toilet waste if they are teached how to
  use it

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Baseline survey findings

• Good toilet includes tissue, water, good smell,
  towel, soap, cleaning equipments
• Bad toilet is smelling badly, lot of flies,
  dirty
• Most of the people are ready to pay for private
  toilets (at least in theory)
• Most of the people complain that they dont have
  enough pure water and toilets

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Diseases in the area, Kaloko Clinic
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Chartings from Kaloko Clinic
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Project implementation, 2007-2008

• Functional and safe toilet solutions are
  constructed in the project area
• At first new toilets are built in public places
  such as schools, clinic, health posts and market
  area (about 10 pilot toilets in year 2007)

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Project implementation, 2007-2008

• The consciousness of the use and maintenance of
  toilets is increased by health education,
  participatory methods like drama theatre,
  discussion groups are used
• Education and discussions in every part of the
  project, villagers and every group of the people
  (women, men, children etc.) involved in the
  project

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Project implementation, 2007-2008

• The use of toilet waste is examined and tested.
  This way information on nutrient effects of
  toilet waste is easily seen in the test area.
• When positive evidence of the nutrient effects is
  gathered, it will be easier to justify the use of
  the toilet waste to the inhabitants.

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Thank you! Twatotela!

• Project Supporters
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland
  (www.formin.fi)
• Metsäpirtin Nurmikkomulta/ Helsinki Water
• Ecosir Oy
• We are looking also for private godpersons
  (huussikummi!)
• Welcome to make a healthier world!

• Contact information
• Project Coordinator
• Sari Huuhtanen
• e-mail sambia_at_huussi.net
• tel [phone]
• www.huussi.net
• www.kalokotrust.org