GLOBALISATION, REGIONALISATION AND CHOICES FACING ASIA

1
GLOBALISATION, REGIONALISATION AND CHOICES
FACING ASIA

• Ryokichi HIRONO
• Professor Emeritus, Seikei University, and
  Visiting Professor, Graduate Institute for Policy
  Studies, Tokyo
• Hilton, Kuala Lumpur
• 4-5 December, 2006

2
OUTLINE

• 1. Globalisation Implications to East Asia
• 1) GATT/WTO regime and the reorientation of
  industrialization strategy from import
  substitution to export, 1960s-2000s
• 2) Multilateral exchange rate regime change to
  floating, resulting in the speculative movement
  of short-term capital and the rush of foreign
  direct investment accelerating the pace of
  industrialization, 1970s-2000s
• 3) A rapid rise to the status of a world
  factory, 1980s-2000s
• 2. Regionalization of trade and investment,
  spearheaded first by Japanese multinational
  corporations (MNCs) and later by MNCs based in
  Asian Newly Industrialisimg Economies (ANIEs
  Hong Kong, ROK, Singapore and Taiwan), and by
  those in ASEAN countries and China, and a rapid
  expansion of people movement among East Asian
  economies, 1990s-2000s

3
OUTLINE

• 3. Choices Facing Asia
• 1) Cementing the existing trade and economic
  cooperation arrangements bilateral free trade
  agreements such as Japan-Malaysia, -Philippines,
  -Singapore and -Thailand, Singapore-U.S. and
  -Chile, ASEAN (AFTA), SPEC and APEC
• 2) Promoting multilateral economic partnership
  arrangements ASEAN-China and other dialogue
  partners
• 3) In search for ASEAN Economic Community
  (AEC), East Asian Community (EAC) and Free Trade
  Area for Asia and the Pacific (FTAAP),
• 4. Why APT, EAS, EAC, FTAAP ? Promoting
  economic, social and environmental sustainability
  through regional cooperation

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• I. GLOBALISATION IMPLICATIONS TO EAST
  ASIAS ECONOMY

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1.1 GLOBALISATION

• 1.Economic Globalisation
• 1) Externally, merchandise trade
  liberalisation (GATT/WTO), foreign exchange
  liberalisation (IMF), floating exchange rates
  (IMF), liberalisation of foreign borrowing and
  portfolio and direct investment (IMF/WTO),
  liberalisation of trade in agriculture and
  services and government procurement (GATT/WTO),
  bilateral and regional free trade agreements
• 2) Internally, deregulation of economic
  activities, privatisation of state-owned
  enterprises and state-financed organisations (WB/
  ADB/UNDP), partial desocialisation of corporate
  and national health insurance, pension
  programmes, civil service reforms,
  etc(WB/ADB/UNDP/ UNESCAP/ UNROAP)

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1.1 GLOBALISATION

• 2. Political, Social and Cultural Globalisation
• 1) Externally, international conventions,
  protocols and agreements in labour, migration,
  human rights, defense, terrorism, education,
  transportation, communications, tourism,
  environment, intellectual property rights, etc.
• 2) Internally, freedom of speech and
  association, gender equality, racial, ethnic and
  religious non-discrimination, parliamentary
  democracy, multi-party system, disclosure of
  public information, civil society,
  non-governmental organisations, demonstration
  effects (fast food, blue-jeans, etc.),
  urbanisation (high-rise commercial and
  residential buildings, suburbanites, mass transit
  systems, supermarkets, etc.), popular culture
  (CNN, BBC, Stars, commercial radio and TV
  broadcasting and advertising, Nintendo animation,
  playstations, Hollywood and Bollywood movies,
  etc.)

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1.2 CHANGING MULTILATERAL FRAMEWORK

• 1. Multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT
  regime beginning with the Kennedy Round of 1960s,
  the Tokyo Round of 1970s, and the Uruguay Round
  of 1980s-94 and the Doha Round under the WTO
  regime since 2005
• 2. Multilateral exchange rate realignment in
  December 1971 resulting from the Nixons New
  Economic Policy (NEP), and the change of the IMF
  regime from the fixed exchange rate to the
  floating in February 1973
• 3. Rise of bilateral and regional free trade and
  economic cooperation arrangements all over the
  world (over 180 bilateral FTAs,
  ECM-gtEEC-gtEC-gtEU-gtEEU, ASEAN, MERCOSUR, EAC,
  CAFTA, APEC, AFTA, CIS, NAFTA, SCO, leading
  possibly to FTAA, AEC, EAEPA, EAC, FTAAP, etc.)

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1.3 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION

• 1.Positive Impact
• 1) Externally, merchandise trade expansion and
  quality improvement, intra-regional trade
  expansion, easier and cost-effective access to
  international capital, technology and
  professional manpower markets, expanding business
  opportunities overseas, enhanced international
  flows of people, information, knowledge and
  ideas, leading to the concept of a global
  village
• 2) Internally, productivity increases, quality
  improvement and price declines/stability due to
  to more effective competition among firms and
  through economic and enterprise reforms, skill
  upgrading, increased consumer choices, gender
  equality, greater transparency and people
  participation in decision-making processes and
  greater respect for local and community
  traditions and culture, etc.

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1.3 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION

• 2. Negative Impact
• 1) Externally, sharper distinction between
  winners and losers at the international levels
  including greater disparities among both
  industrial and developing countries, a higher
  external dependence, global warming and
  environmental destruction, globalisation of
  unsustainable patterns of production and
  consumption, reduction/loss of cultural
  diversity, and rise of ill-directed nationalism
  and patriotism, leading to international
  terrorism and the possibility of greater
  international conflicts
• 2) Internally, widening regional
  (sub-national) disparities and uprooting/
  dislocation of people, growing income disparities
  among people at the national and local levels,
  loss of individual identity, money as determinant
  of individual status and behaviour, loss of the
  sense of community at family, neighbourhood and
  township levels, accelerated deterioration of the
  environment including air, water and soil
  quality, a wider spread of unsustainable patterns
  of consumption,

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• II.
• REGIONALISATION OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT AND A
  RAPID EXPANSION OF PEOPLE MOVEMENT IN ASIA
  BACKGROUND FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION

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2.1 CHANGING STRATEGY OF INDUSTRIALISATION IN
ASIA UNDER GLOBALISATION

• 1. During the late 1960s-1970s a shift in
  industrialisation strategy
• from IMPORT SUBSTITUTION to EXPORT PROMOTION in
• smaller developing countries, to benefit from the
  then rapidly
• expanding world market and the presence of
  surplus labour and low
• wages, especially of women even larger
  developing countries like
• China and India moved later to export-led
  industrialisation strategy
• 2. Export-led industrialisation strategies in
  Asia, when adopted by
• neighbouring countries, led to a rapid expansion
  of foreign direct
• investment inflows and intense competition among
  them
• 3. During the 1980s onward a STEADY
  TRANSFORMATION of
• the poor to the middle class through better
  education, greater
• employment opportunities and better working
  conditions, BUT to
• the pattern of UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT under
  the
• pressures of globalisation and demonstration
  effects

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2.1a SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ASIA

• Economies GDP 2005(Million) growth rates
  2000-05 1975-2004 1990-2004
• Brunei n.a. n.a.
  -2.2 -0.7
• Cambodia 5,398 6.8 2.1 5.0
• China 2,228,862 9.6 8.4 8.9
• Hong Kong 177,722 4.3 4.1 2.0
• Taiwan 286,200 n.a. 6.0 3.7
• Indonesia 287,217 4.7 4.1 1.8
• Lao, PDR 2,855 6.2 3.6 4.2
• Malaysia 130,143 4.8 4.1 3.5
• Mongolia 1,880 5.8 0.9 2.4
• Myanmar n.a. n.a. 1.8 5.7
• Philippines 98,306 4.5 0.3 0.9
• ROK 787,624 4.6 6.0 4.5
• Singapore 116,764 4.2 4.7 3.8
• Thailand 176,602 5.4 5.0 2.6
• Vietnam 52,408 7.5 5.6 5.5
• Developing Cs 9,926,393 5.3 2.4 3.0
• Japan 4,505,912 1.3 2.3 0.8
• World 44,384,871 2.8 1.4 1.4

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2.1b EXPORT EXPANSION BY MAJOR COMMODITY
CLASSIFICATIONS

• Countries Exports Manufactured High-Technology
• of GDP of m. exports of manufactured
• 1990 2005 1990 2004 1990 2004
• Cambodia 6 57 n.a. 97 n.a. 0
• China 18 34 72 91 n.a. 30
• Hong Kong 133 165 95 97
  n.a. 32
• Indonesia 25 30 35 56 1 16
• Lao, PDR 11 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
• Malaysia 75 108 54 76 38 55
• Mongolia n.a. 56 n.a. 38 n.a. 0
• Myanmar 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
• Philippines 28 42 38 55 n.a. 64
• ROK 28 36 94 92 18 33
• Singapore n.a. 197 72 84 40 59
• Thailand 34 62 63 75 21 30
• Vietnam 36 62 n.a. 53 n.a. 6
• Developing Countries25 31 58 64 n.a. 19
• East Asia 33 37 75 80 n.a. 34
• World 19 23 72 77 18 20

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2.2 RUSH OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

• 1. A dramatic change in government policies from
  nationalisation of foreign enterprises in the
  1950s to promoting foreign direct investment in
  the 1960s onward particularly in mining and
  manufacturing sectors initially and construction,
  trading, service and finance sectors later
• 2. With the floating exchange rate installed in
  February 1973, the Energy Crises of 1973-74 and
  1979-80, and the open-door policy by China in
  1978 and by India in the 1990s, there has been a
  rapid growth of foreign direct investment in East
  and South Asia, though interrupted by the Asian
  Financial Crisis of 1997-98
• 3. New foreign investors have joined the older
  European and Americans on the Asian scene,
  beginning with Japanese in the 1970s and later
  with other Asians in the 1990s

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2.2a A STEADY GROWTH OF FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT

• ( of GDP)
• Economies FDI Inflows
  Other Private Flows
• 1990 2000 2004 1990
  2000 2004
• Cambodia 0.0 3.9 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
• China 1.0 3.6 2.8 1.3 1.8
  0.4
• Hong Kong n.a. n.a. 20.9 n..a.
  n.a. n.a.
• Indonesia 1.0 -3.0 0.4 1.6
  -.4.3 0.5
• Lao, PDR 0.7 4.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
  
• Malaysia 5.3 1.9 3.9 -4.2 1.7
  3.7
• Myanmar n.a. n.a. n.a.
  -1.5 n.a. -1.0
• Philippines 1.2 2.7 0.6 0.2 0.6
  2.4
• ROK 0.3 2.0 1.2 0.1 0.9
  n.a.
• Singapore 15.1 6.9 15.0
  n.a. n..a. n.a.
• Taiwan n.a. 2.6 1.9
  n.a. n.a. n.a.
• Thailand 2.9 2.8 0.9
  2.9 -3.9 0.3
• Vietnam 2.8 4.1 3.6
  0.0 -2.3 ins.
• Developing Cs 1.0 2.5 2.7
  0.4 1.0 0.7
• East Asia 1.7 2.8 3.4
  0.6 0.7 n.a.
• South Asia ins. 0.5 0.7
  0.3 0.8 1.3

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2.3 A RISE OF REGIONALISM UNDER GLOBALIZATION

• 1. Regional trade and economic cooperation has
  made a notable growth in all regions of the
  world, beginning with the European Common Market
  in western Europe in the 1950s, expanding its
  functions during the 1960s-90s and extending its
  geographical coverage to central and eastern
  Europe in 2004
• 2. Precipitated by some success of the European
  economic integration, five Southeast Asian
  countries formed their own region-wide trading
  and economic cooperation group, Association of
  South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967, later
  expanded to bring in five more countries in the
  region, as done in Africa, Latin America, the
  Middle East and finally in North America. ASEAN
  since then concluded the ASEAN Free Trade
  Agreement (AFTA) and other related organisations
  to promote growth, peace, security and
  sustainable development
• 3. Bilateral FTAs and Economic Partnership
  Agreements have been concluded between some ASEAN
  countries and outside partners, such as
  Australia, China, Chile, Japan, ROK and U.S.

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2.3a MAJOR TRADING AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION
GROUPINGS, 2005

• Economic Zones
• Population(million) GDP (US million) Exports
  (USmillion)
• EAST ASIA(A)2,061 8,326,109 2,066,424
• EAP India (B) 3,180 9,921,290 2,193,980
• FTAAP(C) 3,508 23,491,550 3,457,847
  
• EU (D) 482 8,215,000 4,855,000
• FTAA(E) 810 12,500,000 3,300,000
• Note A- APT(ASEAN plus three)and Taiwan B-APT,
  plus Australia, New Zealand (EAP) and India C-
  EAP, India, Canada and U.S.A. D- 25 member
  countries E- 34 potential member countries
  consisting of NAFTA, MERCOSUR, CAFTA, CaFTA and
  other countries.
• Source Ryokichi Hirono (2006), Roadmap Toward
  EAEC, presented at the Fourth NEAT Conference,
  Kuala Lumpur.

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2.3b A STEADY GROWTH OF INTRA-EAST ASIAN TRADE

• Intra-ASEAN and Intra-East Asian Exports as
• of Total Export, as compared with intra-NAFTA
  and
• -EU
• Economic
• Zones 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
• ASEAN 3.5 4.9 3.9 5.2 7.9 11.8
• ANIES 8.5 9.5 12.3 14.0 13.6 16.6
• EAST ASIA 22.6 26.3 32.8 38.4 39.5 44.0
• E.ASIAAND JAPAN33.6 36.2 41.6 50.1 50.1 56.8
• NAFTA n.a. 36.0 36.8 41.9 46.5 46.2
• EU 52.6 53.8 64.5 64.1 62.1 61.9
• Source IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics
  Yearbook, 1981-2006

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2.3c A STEADY EXPANSION OF INTRA-ASEAN INVESTMENT

• (USmillion) 1995 2000 2003 1995-2003
• Brunei 311.3 10,6 35.8 1,380.0
• Cambodia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• Indonesia 608.9 -232.6 384.0 1,856.
  5
• Lao, PDR 6.5 13.7 3.0 260.8
• Malaysia 1,676.5 258.1 251.1 7,009.0
• Myanmar 96.7 41.2 28.6 1,038.7
• Philippines 241.6 126.5 175.1 1,239.0
• Singapore 1,165.1 353.0 420.0 6,574.6
• Thailand 160.6 389.0 670.0 5,839.8
• Vietnam 387.3 202.4 100.4 2,695.8
• ASEAN 4,654.4 1,194.9
  2,068.9 27,894.4
• MOFA, Thailand and UN Country Team, Thailand
  (eds.),(2005) GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
  THAILAND CONTRIBUTION TO MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
  GOALS, Bangkok

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• III.
• CHOICES FACING ASIA

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3.1 HISTRICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EAST ASIAN
COOPERATION

• 1. The establishment of ASEAN in 1967, leading to
  the AFTA and various cooperative schemes among
  its member countries
• 2. The establishment of tripartite PECC in 1972
  as a second track organisation to promote trade
  and economic cooperation among Pacific-rim
  countries in the wake of the Nixons New Economic
  Policy and the ASEAN Summit in 1976 to cement
  intra-ASEAN cooperation in all fields in the
  aftermath of the U.S defeat in Vietnam
• 3. The Post-Ministerial Meeting with dialogue
  partner countries of Australia, Canada, Japan,
  New Zealand, U.S. and EEC beginning in 1978,
  later joined by other observers (China in 1996
  and India in 2000)
• 4. The establishment of the APEC in 1990,
  involving ASEAN and PMC partners, later joined by
  China, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan and
  developing into economic and political forum
  since the APEC Summit in 1993
• 5. The proposal by Prime Minister Mahathir for
  initiating East Asian Economic Caucus and Group
  in 1992
• 6. The establishment of the ASEM in 1996,
  involving ASEAN, China, Japan and ROK on the
  Asian side and the EU on the European side

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3.2 INVOLVING ASEAN IN BROADENING EAST ASIAN
COOPERATION SINCE LATE 90s

• 1. The establishment of ASEAN Plus Three Summit
  Meeting in December 1997 to promote cooperation
  in trade, finance, investment, culture, security
  and other issues, following a proposal by Prime
  Minister Hashimoto of Japan in January 1997,
  precipitated by the Asian Financial Crisis of
  1997-98, resulting in 1999 in the adoption of a
  joint statement on Cooperation in East Asia
• 2. The conclusion of China-ASEAN Comprehensive
  Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement in Phnom
  Penh in 2002 to establish ASEAN-China Free Trade
  Agreement by 2010 for the older ASEAN member
  countries and by 2015 for the new ASEAN countries
  and promote cooperation in five priority areas,
  agriculture, ICT, HRD, two-way investment and the
  Mekong river basin development, and setting up of
  the Network of East Asian Think Tanks (NEAT) and
  East Asian Forum which have had four meetings
  since then working in line with a functional
  approach

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3.2 INVOLVING ASEAN IN BROADENING EAST ASIAN
COOPERATION SINCE LATE 90s

• 3. The Tokyo Declaration at the ASEAN-Japan Heads
  of State Meeting in 2003 to form ASEAN-Japan
  Comprehensive Economic Partnership within 10
  years and East Asian Community (EAC) subsequent
  to the founding of the ASEAN Economic Community
  (AEC) by 2020
• 4. The APT Summit and East Asian Summit (EAS)
  held in Kuala Lumpur in 2005 and to be held in
  Cebu in 2006, as agreed respectively at the APT
  Summit in Vientiane in November 2004 and in Kuala
  Lumpur in November, 2005
• 5. APEC Summit in Hanoi in 2006, agreeing to
  study the feasibility of the Free Trade Area for
  Asia and the Pacific (FTAAP) for presentation of
  its findings in November, 2007 in Australia.

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3.3 Potential Benefits and Risks of Alternative
Approaches to East Asian Cooperation

• 1. Existing cooperation mechanisms ASEAN, APEC
  and APT
• 1) Current and potential benefits
• a) Accelerating economic growth through
  greater flows of intra-regional trade and
  investment, with assistance to CLMV
• b) Enabling greater competitiveness of
  their member states respectively on international
  market, though in a varying degree
• c) Providing attractive markets for the rest
  of the world, while kept open to outsiders and
• d) Giving opportunities to some of those
  outsiders to join ASEAN (Timor Leste, PNG,
  etc.), APEC (some Latin American countries)
  and/or APT (India, etc.), resulting in larger
  economic groupings
• 2) Existing and potential risks
• a) Being pressured to be inward-looking and
  protectionist
• b) Posing a greater threat to outside
  competitors that may cement their own economic
  linkages against APT, though not against ASEAN
  and APEC, eventually generating a trend against
  the APT under the WTO regime and
• c) APEC and APT, continuing to be
  complementary or becoming competitive not in the
  distant future ?

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3.3 Potential Benefits and Risks of Alternative
Approaches to East Asian Cooperation

• 2. Co-existence of APT Summit and EAS
• Not preceded, as in APT Summit, by senior
  officials meetings (SOMs) which prepare
  documentations for consensus decision, EAS tends
  to be merely a forum for ASEAN and its dialogue
  partners and observers in Asia to exchange views
  on issues most critical to the region and the
  rest of the world
• 1) Current and potential benefits
• Similar to 1.1.a-d, if EAS should be
  re-organised along the line of APT Summit. Such
  possibility is unlikely within a few year,
  however
• 2) Current and potential risks
• Similar to 1.2.a-c. Furthermore,
• d) If re-organised in line with APT Summit,
  greater difficulties in reaching consensus on
  many issues, domestic or international, as EAS
  involves many more countries and is more diverse
  in national interests and with different
  political, economic and socio-cultural linkages
  with outside
• e) A strong apprehension, if not opposition,
  of the U.S. to any efforts by APT or any of its
  major member states to strengthen political and
  economic ties among Asian countries alone, while
  the U.S. having gone ahead with NAFTA without
  participation of Asian countries
• f) FTAs already concluded or under
  negotiation between some APT countries and the
  U.S.

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3.3 Potential Benefits and Risks of Alternative
Approaches to East Asian Cooperation

• 3. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and East Asian
• Community (EAC), when formed by 2020 or
  earlier.
• 1) Potential benefits
• Similar to 1.1.a-d and 2.1.a-d, respectively,
  for AEC and EAC, though much more
  institutionalised than ASEAN, APT and EAS now
  currently organised
• e) Benefits extending to non-economic sectors
• 2) Potential risks
• Similar to 1.2.a-c and 2.2.a-f, respectively,
  for AEC and EAC
• d) Much more exposed to competition and
  encroachment from Expanded EU and NAFTA/FTAA,
  unless legally and institutionally consolidated
  earlier

27
3.3 Potential Benefits and Risks of Alternative
Approaches to East Asian Cooperation

• 4. Expanding APT/EAS into FTAAP or Co-existence
  of APT/EAS and FTAAP
• FTAAP, if organised along the line of APT,
• 1) Possible benefits
• Similar to 2.1.a-d, though on a much larger
  scale, as it involves North America and a few of
  Latin American countries that are now members of
  North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA).
  Furthermore, FTAAP will bring far greater
  benefits, when Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA)
  should be installed by 2010, as already agreed
  upon, since there will be, after some prolonged
  negotiation between the two parties, an agreement
  whereby benefits accruing to FTAA will be
  bestowed on the member states of FTAAP and vice
  versa. FTAAP is unlikely within a few year,
  however
• 2) Possible risks
• Similar to 2.2.a-d.

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• IV.
• PROMOTING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
  SUSTAINABILITY(ESES) THROUGH REGIONAL COOEPRATION
  IN ASIA

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4.1 REORIENTING MACROECONOMIC AND SECTOR
POLICIES TO ENHANCE ESES

• 1. Accelerated process of investment by
  multinational corporations (MNCs) in developing
  Asian countries under growing pressures of
  deregulation and globalisation, despite their
  economic merits through their relocation from
  higher-cost to lower-cost economies in the
  region, has led to a wider geographical spread of
  industrialisation and urbanisation with its
  greater exposure to economic, social and
  environmental unsustainability such as acute
  economic and employment fluctuations through
  higher economic interdependance, increasing
  poverty incidence, growing income and wealth
  disparities, social inequities, urban slums,
  refugees and environmental degradation
• 2. Governments of developing Asian countries have
  attempted to cope with deteriorating ESES by
  macro-economic and sectoral policies, legislative
  and administrative measures, but many have failed
  to manage the process by themselves. Regional and
  international cooperation has been found
  essential to improving ESES in their own
  countries and across the border.

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4.2 PROMOTING ESES AT HOME FROM COMMAND AND
CONTROL TO MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS

• 1. Confronted by growing issues of
  deteriorating ESES, developing
• Asian countries, once again following the
  model of industrial
• countries, installed the legal framework and
  institutional
• infrastructures for improving ESES
• 2. Given the lack of experiences in dealing with
  these sustainability
• issues and the shortage of adequate
  professional, technological,
• financial and institutional capabilities,
  developing Asian countries initially adopted the
  command and control (CC) policy measures to deal
  with the question of unsustainability
• 3. Having found the implementation of their
  macroeconomic, sectoral and institutional
  policies quite inadequate, these CC policies
  have been steadily being supplemented, and even
  being replaced in many cases, by market-based
  instruments and by active participation of NGOs

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4.3 PROMOTING ESES FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL THROUGH
POLICY REFORMS

• 1. Centre pieces of Policy Reforms in all
  developing Asian countries for improving current
  policies and practices that are consistent with
  economic, social and environmental sustainability
  could be
• 1) Mainstreaming ESES concerns in all macro-
  and micro-economic policies and practices
• 2) Pro-poor policy measures in all
  macroeconomic and sectoral policies to facilitate
  poverty reduction, gender equality and people
  participation
• 3) Application of the Polluter-Pay-Principle
  to all public and private economic activities
• 4) Stronger political commitment to
  effective enforcement of all laws and regulations
  for ESES

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4.4 PROMOTING ESES FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL THROUGH
INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

• 2. Some Measures for Institutional Reforms and
  Capacity Building in all developing Asian
  economies are
• 1) Streamlining market-based instruments for
  more effective policy implementation and results
  for sustainable development (SD) and a greater
  need for Peer Reviews at the regional level
• 2) Development by all these regional groupings
  and institutions of Better and Best Practices for
  mutual lesson learning in ESES policies,
  management and institution building
• 3) Expanding and improving SD education and
  learning at schools, communities and enterprises
  in line with the U.N. Decade of Education for SD
  2005-2014
• 4) Expanding and improving regional and
  sub-regional cooperation in ESES policies and
  management including research, education and
  training for capacity building in all relevant
  areas on the basis of country ownership and
  agreed priorities

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4.4 PROMOTING ESES FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL THROUGH
INSTITUTIONSL REFORMS

• 5) Need for taking issue- and
  country-specific approaches to ESES cooperation
  in the light of diversity of countries in any of
  these regional groupings in the Asian region
• 6) Exploring a possibility of
  institutionalising sub-regional cooperation
  mechanisms in Northeast Asia, as in Southeast
  Asia
• 7) Strengthening the effectiveness of any
  of these regional institutions, while mobilising
  the support of the United Nations and its
  agencies, Bretton Woods Institutions, regional
  development banks, Global Environment Facilities
  (GEF) and others in both enriching ESES database,
  research and training and promoting ESES
  cooperation in the region and
• 8) Strengthening networks and partnership
  among different stakeholders, government and
  non-government alike, engaged in ESES cooperation
  at local, national, regional and international
  levels.

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• THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
• FOR FURTHER INQUIRIES, PLEASE CONTACT THE
  FOLLOWING FAX NUMBER AND EMAIL ADDRESS
• 81(0)3-39202145
• ryokichi_at_iea.att.ne.jp