Chapter%209%20WORKING%20FOR%20REFORM

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Chapter 9 WORKING FOR REFORM

• Section 1 Religious Zeal and New Communities
• Section 2 Movements for Social Reform
• Section 3 The Crusade for Abolition
• Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

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Objectives
Section 1 Religious Zeal and New Communities

• Who participated in the Second Great Awakening?
• What were the main characteristics of the Shakers
  and Mormons?
• What ideas did transcendentalism promote?

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Participants in the Second Great Awakening
Section 1 Religious Zeal and New Communities

• people living on the frontier
• people living in the cities of the Northeast
• African Americans
• middle-class women

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Shaker beliefs
Section 1 Religious Zeal and New Communities

• separate yet relatively equal roles for men and
  women no marriage
• property jointly owned by the community
• Christ would soon return to rule Earth
• Utopian community

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Mormon beliefs
Section 1 Religious Zeal and New Communities

• Utopian community
• plural marriage for men
• Divine assistance had given new religious
  teachings.

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Transcendentalist ideas
Section 1 Religious Zeal and New Communities

• People could attain perfection through knowledge
  about God, the self, and the universe.
• importance of the individual
• natural simplicity
• spiritual renewal

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Objectives
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• What motivated temperance reformers?
• Why did some women believe it was important to
  become involved in reform movements?
• How did educational opportunities change in the
  early 1800s?
• How and why did reformers work to improve prisons
  and other institutions?

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Temperance reformers
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• wanted to reduce criminal behavior, family
  violence, and poverty
• desired a more disciplined workforce
• wanted to preserve the family

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Women and reform
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• Many women believed that they had a duty to
  become involved in reform since they were
  expected to instill values of good citizenship in
  their children and serve as the moral voice in
  their household.

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Education in the early 1800s
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• expansion of public education
• opening of first public high school
• expansion of opportunities for women and African
  Americans to receive a college education

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Jails and prisons
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• Reformers created the penitentiary system, built
  more prisons, and established reform schools to
  deal with the imprisonment of juveniles with
  adult offenders.

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Poorhouses
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• Reformers established a network of poorhouses,
  where the able-bodied poor would be required to
  work and where poor children could be educated.

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Mental hospitals
Section 2 Movements for Social Reform

• Rehabilitation hospitals were established to get
  mentally ill people out of jails and poorhouses.

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Objectives
Section 3 The Crusade for Abolition

• How did African Americans change the focus of
  antislavery efforts?
• What sparked the call for immediate abolition?
• How did the Anti-Slavery Society spread its
  message?
• What obstacles did the abolitionist movement face?

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Focus of antislavery efforts
Section 3 The Crusade for Abolition

• African Americans changed the focus of
  antislavery efforts through their opposition to
  plans for colonization.

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The call for immediate abolition
Section 3 The Crusade for Abolition

• Impatience with the abolition movements lack of
  progress led some leaders such as David Walker
  and William Lloyd Garrison to call for immediate
  abolition.

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Obstacles to the abolition movement
Section 3 The Crusade for Abolition

• violence
• fear and prejudice against free African Americans
• internal conflict

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Objectives
Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

• How did the womens rights movement grow out of
  the abolitionist movement, and what opposition
  did it face?
• What did early womens rights activists demand?
• What did the early womens rights movement
  achieve, and what issues remained unresolved?

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Womens rights movement grew out of abolition
movement
Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

• The womens rights movement grew out of the
  abolition movement because many women who worked
  for abolition began comparing their situation to
  that of the slaves.

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Opposition to womens rights movement
Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

• The womens rights movement faced opposition from
  men who believed that a womans place was in the
  home.

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Early demands
Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

• Married women should have the right to control
  property and earnings.
• Divorced women should gain custody of their
  children.
• Women should have the right to vote.

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Achievements
Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

• New Yorks Married Womens Property Act
• Some states revised laws to permit married women
  to own property, file lawsuits, and retain
  earnings.

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Unresolved issues
Section 4 The Cause of Womens Rights

• right to vote
• needs of African American women and white,
  working-class women