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Radiation Safety

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Hardware and Accessories. Trigger and Trigger Lock ... For proper operation, iPAQ must storage card firmly pushed into the card slot ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Radiation Safety


1
Radiation Safety Start Up Training Innov-X
Systems Ken SmithNational Sales Manager
2
Radiation Safety Innov-X SystemsX-Ray
Fluorescence
  • Bill Caughie Regional Sales Mgr.
  • Office 412-916-9286
  • Fax 412-787-1552

3
Call Innov-X Systems !!!
4
Training Objective
  • SAFETY!
  • Understand Radiation!
  • Understand Regulations
  • Understand Instrumentation

5
Electromagnetic Radiation
6
Radiation Overview
  • Radiation - form of energy (particles/waves)
  • Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum -EMR
  • Radio frequency
  • Microwave
  • Infra-red
  • Visible Light
  • Ultraviolet - UV
  • X-Ray
  • Gamma Radiation

7
Types of Radiation
  • Radiation - Form of Energy
  • Ionizing gt10eV
  • Cause ionization of atoms
  • Eject electrons atoms - Make charged atoms
  • non - Ionizing
  • Does NOT Cause ionization

8
Ionizing Radiation
  • Particles (FAST!)
  • alpha particles (2 neutrons 2 protons)
  • beta particles (electrons)
  • neutrons
  • Waves (High Energy Light!)
  • X - Rays
  • Gamma Rays

9
Radiation Types
10
X-Ray Production
Vacuum Tube
Vacuum Tube
Cathode - Electrons
Anode - Target (W) (Ag)
Wire Filament
Filter
Power
11
Penetration of Ionizing Radiation
GAMMA X-RAY
BETA
ALPHA
12
Radiation Safety
  • RAD Radiation Absorbed Dose
  • REM Roentgen Equivalent Man
  • REM RAD X Factor
  • (Factors X-ray1, Alpha20)

13
Roentgen Equivalent Man?? Now thats a mouthful!
14
Its Everywhere!
15
Biological Effects of Radiation
  • Most Sensitive - Rapidly dividing cells
  • Bone Marrow
  • Lining of digestive tract
  • Some skin cells
  • Least Sensitive
  • Bone
  • Muscle
  • Nerves

16
Standards Guidelines
  • Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs)
  • National Council on Radiation Protection
  • International Commission on Radiological
    Protection
  • ALARA
  • Radiation Doses
  • 5 rems per year (whole body)
  • 50 rems (extremity or individual organ)
  • 0.5 rems during pregnancy

17
Exposure Calculations
  • lt0.1 mREM/hr.
  • X 25 hr/day
  • 2.5 mREM/day
  • X 400 days/year
  • 1,000 mREM/year
  • or 1 REM/year
  • 2 of reportable exposure

18
Safety Factors
  • Time, Distance, Shielding
  • Time - Limit Exposure Dose
  • Distance - Maintain Safe Distance
  • Inverse square law
  • Shielding - High Density Materials

19
Radiation Safety Summary
  • Radiation Overview
  • Types of Radiation
  • Biological Effects of Radiation
  • Standards and Guidelines
  • Monitoring Instruments
  • Safety Factors (Time, Distance, Shielding)
  • Control Programs

20
XRF Work Practices
21
A few words about Radiation Safety
  • The Innov-X analyzers does produce radiation and
    the user should be aware of this
  • Radiation exposure is negligible with proper use
    and small with occasional incorrect use

22
A few more words about radiation safety
  • Practice ALARA. All radiation exposure should
    be As Low As Reasonably Achievable
  • This means
  • Do not put fingers, or any other body part in
    front of the analyzer window.
  • Verify that no one else stands within 3 paces of
    the analyzer window when instrument is on.
  • Correct operation of instrument involves leaving
    one hand on handle, and making sure the other
    hand is away from the window.

23
Safety Factors
  • Time, Distance, Shielding
  • Time - Limit Exposure Dose
  • Distance - Maintain Safe Distance
  • Inverse square law
  • Shielding - High Density Materials

24
Standards Guidelines
  • Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs)
  • National Council on Radiation Protection
  • International Commission on Radiological
    Protection
  • ALARA
  • Radiation Doses
  • 5 rems per year (whole body)
  • 50 rems (extremity or individual organ)
  • 0.5 rems during pregnancy

25
Typical Radiation Exposures
  • Airline Attendant 1,000 mR/yr
  • Nuclear Power Worker 700 mR/yr
  • Grand Central Station 120 mR/yr
  • Medical Personnel 70 mR/yr
  • Lead Inspector 20 mR/yr
  • University Researcher lt10 mR/yr
  • Chest X-ray 100 mR/each

26
Exposure Calculations_at_ Trigger
  • lt0.1 mREM/hr.
  • X 25 hr/day
  • 2.5 mREM/day
  • X 400 days/year
  • 1,000 mREM/year
  • or 1 REM/year
  • 2 of reportable exposure

27
Misuse Example 1
  • Dose to fingers and/or hand in this example is a
    maximum of 28,000 mrem/hour.
  • Over exposure occurs in 2 hours of window
    exposure at the hand.

28
Misuse Example 2
  • Dose at exit of sampling window is approximately
    28,000 mrem/hr. A 10 second exposure in contact
    with Torso 77.8 mrem
  • Repeat misuse 64 times/year exceeds 5,000 mrem
    limit.

29
Safety Features
  • Deadman Trigger
  • Software trigger lock
  • Software proximity sensor
  • Test Stand

30
Deadman Trigger
  • Trigger must be held for duration of test.
  • Releasing the trigger ends test
  • This ensure that users intentionally start each
    test
  • Prevents user from walking away and leaving
    instrument on
  • If user picks up analyzer and inadvertently pulls
    trigger, test will end as soon as trigger is
    released

31
Deadman Trigger
  • This feature may be disabled upon customer
    request AFTER complete radiation safety training
  • It is recommended that this feature is only
    disabled for companies where only one or two
    users use the analyzer in a controlled setting
  • Deactivation is NOT recommended in situations
    where instrument is shared by many users or in
    spaces occupied by large numbers of people.

32
Trigger Lock
  • User must release software trigger lock before
    testing
  • Once released, trigger lock remains disabled
    until 5 minutes elapse after the end of a test

33
Software Trigger Lock
34
Software Proximity Sensor
  • Instrument will shut off after 1-2 seconds if
    sample is not present.
  • Analyzer checks count rate, if count rate is not
    significantly above air rate, x-rays shut off

35
Test Stand Option
  • Allows for Hands-Free Operation of instrument
  • Ideal for turnings and other small parts, Soil
    Samples, etc.

36
Use Common Sense!
  • Remember, when energized, X-rays come out of the
    front of the analyzer and act accordingly.
  • Prevent exposure to front of analyzer when
    instrument is on
  • Pay attention to all warning lights on instrument

37
Basic Instrument Operation
  • Innov-X Analyzers

38
Hardware and Accessories

39
Trigger and Trigger Lock
  • Tests can be started and stopped via either the
    trigger or the iPAQ.
  • Trigger lock should be put on immediately after
    pulling trigger to prevent inadvertent start of
    test.

40
Batteries
  • Charge Batteries completely before use.
  • Only use Innov-X approved charger
  • Insert batteries in base of unit - Battery is
    keyed to fix in correct position

41
iPAQ Power Considerations
  • iPAQ is powered by analyzer main battery.
  • iPAQs internal processes consume power, even
    when not in use.
  • A fully charge iPAQ can loose power sitting on a
    shelf for several weeks leave iPAQ plugged in
    when not in use.
  • If iPAQ battery is completely drained, it will
    not be possible to use iPAQ in analyzer until
    iPAQ is charged and date is set
  • Any programs added to the main memory will be
    deleted, but Innov-X program and data are fine.

42
Storage Card
  • All Innov-X Data and Programs are stored in
    storage card. They will not be erased even if
    iPAQ battery
  • For proper operation, iPAQ must storage card
    firmly pushed into the card slot

43
Placing iPAQ in Analyzer
  • iPAQ must be seated properly to communicate
  • Be careful with the connector!
  • Slide iPAQ forward (towards snout) before
    lifting. Do not angle iPAQ upwards until it is
    clear of connector

44
Instrument Start-up

45
Power on instrument
  • Main Power on rear of analyzer below LCD display
  • Momentary on switch
  • Must hold for 3 seconds to turn off
  • iPAQ has separate on/off switch

46
Start Software
  •  Select Start from upper right hand corner of
    iPAQ screen.
  • Select the Innov-X Systems Software from the drop
    down menu.

47
Radiation Notice
  • Read Notice and click start

48
Select Mode
  • Select mode by clicking on name

49
Initialization
  • Analyzer electronics warm up
  • Detector is cooled to proper temperature
  • Takes 2 minutes

50
Tap to Standardize
  • Instrument requires standardization before
    measurements can be started
  • Place standardization mask on front of analyzer
  • Tap to Standardize

51
Standardization
  • Standardization checks 316 standard
  • Checks detector resolution and peak position
  • Needs to be done when instrument is powered on or
    after 4 hours of use

52
Standardization finished
  • Instrument displays result of standardization

53
Standardization Failures
  • Make sure battery is completely charged
  • Reset iPAQ
  • Turn instrument on and off, remove battery, make
    sure it is seated correctly

54
Ready to Test
  • Tap Start or pull trigger to begin test

55
Test info
  • Click INFO
  • Enter data
  • Data is stored until changed or erased

56
Test in progress
  • Screen displays elapsed time and Test in
    Progress
  • LED on front of analyzer blinks indicating
    radiation is being emitted
  • If view-live updates is on, results will be
    displayed after minimum time has elapsed

57
Results Display
  • Results displayedresults in .
  • Error displayed is 1-sigma
  • Press start or pull trigger to start another test

58
Results Options
  • View menu can change the way results appear on
    the screen
  • Results shows only grade ID
  • Chemistry shows all data
  • Test info shows stored test info

59
Software Menus

60
Match Numbers
  • When determining Grade/Fingerprint Matches,
    software calculates a Match Number
  • This unit-less number is an indication of how
    good a match is.
  • The lower the number, the better
  • Typical cutoffs
  • 3 Analytical

61
Software overview
  • Three screens
  • MainSelect program, change password
  • AnalyticalSet analysis parameters
  • Resultsview all results

62
Searching Libraries
  • Analyzer only searches selected library
  • Make sure library being searched contains grades
    of interest

63
Check the screen
  • Match number and selected libraries are shown on
    screen
  • Analytical 3
  • Most general search includes all libraries

64
Menu Options
  • File MenuStandardize Select Libraries
  • Edit MenuEdit Library entries

65
Menu Options
  • ViewOpen results screen. Turn on/off live
    screen updates
  • OptionsSet testing and Match numbers. Exact
    match in Analytical

66
Editing Libraries
  • Password protected function
  • Modify standard library with care

67
Troubleshooting

68
When in doubt, reset!
  • Like all computers, iPAQs can occasionally lock
    up or get confused
  • Two possible resets. Use soft reset.
  • Hard reset is only used in extreme circumstances,
    usually when soft reset doesnt work.

69
Exit Software!!
  • Software has three layers of menus (Main,
    Analysis, and results). Must close Main to exit
    software.
  • Use File-Exit to close

70
Make sure iPAQ is correctly seated
  • iPAQ must be firmly seated in analyzer. Must be
    attached to connector.
  • iPAQ and storage card must be firmly pressed into
    the socket.

71
Verify settings
  • If instrument is not matching, verify
  • Correct Library is being searched
  • Match number is set correctly
  • 3 Analytical
  • Exact Match is off in Analytical
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