The Highway Transportation system is made of people, roadways and vehicles'

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The Highway Transportation system is made of
people, roadways and vehicles.
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Risk is the chance of injury, damage or loss.
Driver inattention is a major contributor to
increased risk.

• Characteristics of risk
• Always present
• Perceived risk differs from actual risk -
  people do not identify risk when it is actually
  there
• shared by all drivers, pedestrians, and
  bicyclist.
• Risk change by what we see and the decisions we
  make on what to do with our vehicle
• Drivers must evaluate risk and consequences.
• Risk perception
• Space needs of the vehicle and/or the maneuver
  to be made.
• Speed and time intervals to reduce the current
  risk
• Roadway conditions - flat or crowned, type of
  surface, good shoulders, etc.
• Other roadway user actions - hardest to
  evaluate
• Evaluation of risk present at the time the
  maneuver is made
• Risk management
• Increase time to respond to threats through
  position and speed adjustments
• Increase vehicle control through position and
  speed adjustments
• Separate hazards through speed and/or position
  adjustment

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• The Driving Task includes all the social,
  physical, and mental skills.
• Social skill is the ability to interact with
  people successfully.
• The ability to control the vehicle relates to
  physical skills.
• Safe low risk driving primarily requires mental
  skills.
• The IPDE Process includes four steps Identify,
  Predict, Decide and Execute.
• The Smith System is an organized method to help
  drivers develop good seeing habits.
• The Zone Control System is a method of managing
  space around your vehicle.
• Breakdowns in the HTS created by traffic tie ups
  and collisions are two examples. Collisions occur
  when a vehicle conflicts with and hits another
  vehicle. Most common cause of collisions is
  driver error.

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State Licensing System Requirements

• Learners permit
• Requirements
• You must be at least 15 years old but less than
  18 years old and reside in NC.
• You must pass eye, sign, and written test.
• Limitations
• All passengers must be restrained by seatbelt or
  child restraint system.
• No one except the driver and the supervising
  driver are allowed in the front seat.
• First 6 months, a level one permit authorizes you
  to drive between the hours of 5 am and 9pm while
  accompanied by a supervising driver.
• Sanctions
• Graduating to Level 2 , you must keep this permit
  for at least 12 months and have no convictions of
  moving violations or seat belt infractions within
  the preceding 6 months.
• Graduated driver licensing
• Requirements
• You must be at least 16 years old but less than
  18 years old and live in NC.
• You must pass eye , sign, and driving test.
• Limitations
• Drivers must be at least 16 years old, but less
  than 18.
• All passengers must be restrained by seat belt or
  child safety seat.
• Supervising driver must be seated beside the
  driver.

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Emotions and Driving

• Emotions that affect driving
• Anger
• Anxiety
• Joy, happiness
• Fear
• Hate
• Grief
• General effects of emotions
• Interfere with your ability to think
• Create mental distractions
• Create inattentiveness
• Increase risk taking
• Create a lack of concentration
• Interrupts ability to process information
• Physical effects of emotions
• Heartbeat increases
• Breathing quickens

• Controlling emotions
• Understand ones emotional makeup
• Identify situations that cause emotional stress
• Expect other drivers to make mistakes
• Understand that emotions are contagious
• Direct emotions toward actions, not individuals
• Delay driving when upset
• If upset, ask someone else to drive
• Passengers and emotions
• Peer pressure or group pressure to take risk
• Influences the way a driver thinks, feels and
  drives
• Responsible for passengers
• Formula for road rage
• This formula comes into play when we look at how
  our society has normalized disrespectful and
  hostile behavior. When these elements are added
  to our roadways that contain more cars, less
  space and more driver interactions, the result is
  a social normalization of behaviors that are more
  aggressive and violent in nature.

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Road Rage

• Definition
• Lost control of emotions
• Triggered by an accident
• Use of vehicle to attack other drivers
• Three types of Road Rage
• Quiet road rage complaining, rushing,
  competing, resisting
• Verbal Road Rage yelling, cussing, staring,
  honking, insulting
• Epic road rage cutting off, blocking, chasing,
  fighting, shooting
• Driving errors that may cause a negative reaction
  by other drivers
• Braking suddenly
• Exceeding speed limit by 10 mph or more
• Changing lanes without signal
• Cruising in passing lanes
• Criticizing

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Roadway Signs

• Signs are specific sizes, shapes and colors so
  they can be easily identified at long distances.
  Signs can be placed into three separate
  categories requlatory, warning and guide.
• Regulatory signs tell the driver about specific
  laws that a driver must obey. These signs are
  usually rectangle in shape and have a color
  pattern of red/white, white/black or
  red/white/black.
• Warning signs tell a driver of possible dangers
  that might be ahead. These signs are mostly
  diamond shape and have a yellow/black color
  pattern. Some warning signs such as school zones,
  school crossing and school crossings may be
  fluorescent optic yellow.
• Construction zone signs are orange in color and
  may be rectangle or diamond in shape.
  Construction zone signs alert drivers to
  construction zones ahead. Guide signs can come in
  a variety of shapes and colors.
• Green signs give information on miles, route
  markers and destinations.
• Brown signs mark cultural points of interest and
  recreational areas.
• Blue signs provide information on hospital,
  police, fuel, food, and lodging.

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Colors of signs

• There are 8 sign colors.
• Red - prohibitive or stop
• Blue - motorist services signs
• Green - guide information, such as direction or
  guidance signs
• Yellow - general warning
• Orange - Construction and maintenance work
• White - regulatory signs
• Brown - recreational and cultural interest
• Black - regulatory sign

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Pavement MarkingsPavement markings are usually
lines, arrows or words painted yellow or white on
the roadway to give a driver directions or
warnings.

• Pavement markings - yellow lines
• Solid yellow center lines indicate two-way
  traffic with no passing allowed.
• Broken yellow center line means passing is
  permitted in either direction.
• Broken yellow lines alongside a solid yellow
  line means passing is permitted on the side with
  the broken line. Passing is not permitted on the
  side with the solid line.
• Double solid yellow lines means passing is not
  allowed in either direction but crossing the
  lines is permitted when making a left turn.

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Pavement markings - white lines and arrows

• White lines separate lanes of traffic going in
  the same direction.
• Broken white lines may be crossed with caution.
• Solid white lines designate turn lanes and
  prevent lane changes near intersections.
• Solid white lines mark the right edge of the
  roadway. Stop lines, crosswalk and parking space
  are marked by white lines.
• White arrows on the roadway indicate which way
  traffic is flowing.

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Traffic signals

• Steady red indicates moving traffic shall stop
  and remain stopped as long as the signal is red.
• Green indicates traffic shall move in the
  direction of the signal but should yield to other
  vehicles and pedestrians in the intersections.
• Steady yellow indicates a change is about to
  occur in the directions of the moving traffic.
• Flashing red indicates traffic shall stop before
  entering the intersections and yield to other
  vehicles and pedestrians before entering.
• Flashing yellow indicates a need to slow down and
  proceed with caution.
• Traffic signals on expressways are rare. They may
  be used as lane usage signals.
• A green arrow over a lane means that lane is open
  for travel.
• A yellow X over a lane means travel in that
  lane is about to change or close.
• A red X over a lane means travel in that lane
  is closed or prohibited

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SPEED LAWS

• Basic speed law state that you may not drive
  faster than is safe and prudent for existing
  conditions, regardless of posted speed limit.
• The minimum speed law is set on roadways to keep
  traffic moving safely.

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Vehicle Control Devices
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Operating Vehicle Control Devices

• Steering The steering wheel is always turned in
  the direction the driver wants the vehicle to
  move, whether moving left or in right.
• Steering wheel adjustment - In some vehicles the
  angle of the steering wheel is controlled by a
  lever located on the left or right side of the
  steering column.
• Gear selector In a vehicle with an automatic
  transmission, the gear selector is located
• either on the steering column or on a console
  between the front seats. A manual transmission,
  the gear selector is located on the center
  console, on the floor to the right of the driver,
  or in older vehicles on the right side of the
  steering column.
• Parking brake This brake is sometimes
  mistakenly referred to as an emergency brake. The
  primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold a
  vehicle in place when it is parked and to protect
  the transmission.
• Cruise/speed control - This device allows a
  driver to select and travel at a set speed
  without having to keep his/her foot on the
  accelerator. Speed control can be cancelled at
  any time by pressing the brake pedal or touching
  the off switch.
• Ignition switch - This switch locks the steering
  wheel gear selector and enables the driver to
  start and turn off the engine or use the radio.
• Accelerator pedal - This foot operated pedal is
  suspended from the firewall on the right
• side of the drivers position. Speed is
  controlled by adjusting pressure on the pedal.
• Brake pedal - The brake pedal is located to the
  left of the accelerator. The driver slows the
  vehicle by applying downward pressure.

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Vehicle Functions/Malfunctions

• It is essential to know what the warning lights
  and gauges on the instrument panel mean and where
  they are located. Become familiar with a vehicle
  by reading the owners manual. This will help
  prevent the driver from being caught off-guard
  should a problem arise.

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Safety, Communication, Comfort and Convenience
Devices

• Mirrors Adjustment of the mirrors can be done
  inside and outside in vehicles equipped with
  remote controlled outside mirrors
• Safety belts - While safety belts protect
  occupants in a crash, they serve an equally
  important role of keeping the driver firmly in
  place behind the steering wheel, allowing better
  control of the vehicle.
• Head restraint - All new vehicles are equipped
  with head restraint to help reduce whiplash
  injuries when struck from the rear.
• Horn - The horn is generally operated by pressing
  a button located on a steering wheel.
• Turn signal lever - Located on the left side of
  the steering column, the lever is moved up to
  signal a movement to the right and down for a
  movement to the left. While the signals will
  cancel after a turn, the driver may have to
  cancel the signal manually after a slight turn
  such as a lane change.
• Door locks - In vehicles equipped with manual
  locks, each door has its own locking device. A
  master control is usually located on the right
  side arm rest in vehicles with automatic door
  locks. Child safe rear door locks are an option.

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Safety, Communication, Comfort and Convenience
Devices

• Hazard flasher - The purpose of the hazard
  flashers is to warn other drivers of a problem
  and to increase their awareness of the presence
  of the vehicle
• Windshield wipers and washers - This control is
  located on the turn signal
• lever.
• Headlights - This switch may be located on the
  left side of the instrument panel, on the same
  lever as the turn signal or on a seperate lever
  located on the right side of the steering column.
  
• Hood release - This lever is usually located on
  the left side of the drivers seat under the
  instrument panel.
• Heater, defroster and air conditioner - These
  control switches are located in a cluster on the
  instrument panel.
• Seat adjustment controls The adjustment lever
  to move the seat forward or backward is typically
  located at the lower front or right side of the
  drivers seat.

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IPDE Process

• The first step of the IPDE process is Identify.
  This step involves much more than just seeing.
  You need to know when to look, where to look, how
  to look, and what to look for.
• The second step of the IPDE process is predict
  which means how this hazard might affect your
  intended path of travel.
• How to Predict Gain knowledge by gathering
  information and learning from others. Judgment by
  measuring, comparing and evaluation. Experience
  helps you to improve your ability to predict
  accurately.
• What to Predict ? Predict actions of others.
  Important actions of others include path, action,
  space and point of conflict.

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IPDE Process

• The third step of the IPDE process is decide.
  This involves making a decision on how to deal
  with certain situations or conflicts.
• Final step of IPDE process is execute. To execute
  a decision is to carry out an action that you
  decided.
• Adequate following distances
• As speed or road conditions change, the need for
  a change in following distance ( time/
• space ) is apparent.
• Response time with the hands is close to 1/2
  second, while response time with the foot
• is normally 3/4 second.
• 2 seconds permits a driver time to steer out
  of problem areas at all listed speeds on a dry
  surface and braking out of problems at speeds
  under 35 mph.
• 3 seconds permits a driver time to steer out
  of problem areas at all listed speeds on dry
• surface and braking out of problems at speeds to
  45 mph.
• 4 seconds permits a driver to steer out of
  problems at all listed speeds on dry surface and
  braking out of problems at speeds to legal limit
  of 65 mph.

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Space Management Concepts

• Search for objects or conditions - Look for other
  roadway users or conditions in or adjacent to the
  projected path of travel that could increase the
  level of risk.
• Evaluate the projected path ahead for alternate
  paths of travel - Check to sides and rear for
  speed and lane position options.
• Execute appropriate adjustment(s) - Change speed,
  change position and/or communicate.
• Visual search process - This is the first space
  management skill a driver must develop in an
  effective visual search.
• Where to search - This involves moving the eyes
  from the instrument panel and mirrors, to 20 to
  30 seconds ahead.
• When to search involves timing and direction of
  the search pattern. When to search requires
  consciously looking to determine conditions all
  around the vehicle before initiating any
  maneuver.
• How to search Always concentrate on your path of
  travel with quick glances to other areas.
• Searching 20 - 30 seconds ahead - By searching
  ahead 20 to 30 seconds ahead the driver has more
  time and space to exercise options.
• Searching 4 - 8 seconds ahead - The 4 seconds
  ahead represents your following distance and the
  8 seconds provides a safe stopping zone under
  most conditions.

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Space Management Concepts

• What to search for requires forethought and
  planning - To be effective, the driver must look
  for specific categories of information.
• Roadway characteristics - Road and lane width,
  lane markings, roadway surface,
• shoulder condition and slope, curb type and
  height, hills and curves, intersections and
• interchanges, areas of limited visibility,
  location and type of structures adjacent to the
• roadway
• Signs, signals and markings - Warning,
  regulatory, directional and informational.
• Motorized vehicles
• Non-motorized highway users - Pedestrians,
  bicyclists, and animals
• Using shared turning lanes - Some left turns in
  business areas can be made mid-block
• from a shared turning lane. To use these lanes,
  search ahead for oncoming traffic and be
• prepared to yield to any vehicle whose path
  drivers may cross. Drivers who want to make
  left-hand turns onto a roadway can also use a
  shared turning lane and wait for a gap in traffic.

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Passing and being passed

• Head-on collisions, typically involving a passing
  maneuver, annually account for approximately
  5,500 or nearly 14 percent of all traffic
  fatalities.
• Impatience, errors in timing, and poor judgment
  of space contribute to head-on collisions.
• The law specifically prohibits a driver who is
  being passed from increasing the speed of the
  vehicle.
• Passing procedures
• Prepare to pass
• Position the vehicle 2 to 3 seconds behind the
  vehicle to be passed.
• Check mirrors and oncoming traffic.
• Check ahead for safe passing distance.
• Signal intention.
• Overtake the ongoing car
• Accelerate and move into passing lane.
• Accelerate quickly to an appropriate speed.
• Concentrate on the path ahead.
• Check mirror for following cars.

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Factors influencing drinking

• Peer Pressure - Many times teenagers are
  influenced by others.
• Sociological Factors - Our culture is one that,
  for the most part, readily accepts drinking.
• Even the word drink has often come to mean
  drink alcohol. To have a good time - Drinking
  is associated with partying for a large
  percentage of people.
• Mass Media - This publicity shows drinking to be
  a normal, natural thing to do in our society.

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NC State laws concerning Alcohol and Driving

• DWI can be proven by one of two ways Proving
  the drivers physical and mental fitness are
  appreciably impaired by alcohol, drugs, or a
  combination of both or having a BAC of .08 or
  higher.
• Allow enforcement agencies to set up road
  blocks to check for impaired drivers Prohibit
  the transport of an open container of any
  alcoholic beverage
• Measurements - .08 on breathalyzer for driver
  21 years old and up. No trace of alcohol if
• under the age of 21 years old.
• Consumption of alcoholic beverages is not
  allowed by drivers when driving

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NC State laws concerning Alcohol and Driving

• Operating a vehicle while intoxicated
• Provide for different levels of severity of
  punishment based on the severity of the
• offense.
• Requires persons who are convicted of DWI for
  the second time to serve a jail sentence
• If the driver is convicted of a DWI while your
  license is revoked for an earlier DWI conviction,
  the court may order your vehicle seized and sold.
  
• Loss of license for at least one year or up to
  two years in a probationary stage
• Test failure/refusal same as admitting quilt

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Physiological and Psychological Effects on
Driving Task

• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) - Concentration
  is the ratio between alcohol and blood. This is
  expressed in a ratio of 1 drop of alcohol to 1000
  drops of blood.
• Weight - Larger persons have more blood and other
  fluids than smaller persons.
• Gender - Women do not process alcohol as well as
  men.
• Food - Food does not soak up or absorb the
  alcohol.
• Alcohol Content - The higher alcohol content a
  drink has, the higher BAC produced. One drink
  is defined in many different ways. Some so-called
  hard liquors may have more than twice the
  alcohol content of another.

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Alcohol Affects the Body

• Alcohol is removed slowly by the body. The
  majority of the alcohol is burned up by the
  liver. The other is eliminated in breath, urine
  and sweat. This fact is the prime reason the
  sober-up-quick methods do not work On average,
  a persons BAC is lowered only 0.015 per hour.
  The concept of the body detoxifying one drink
  per hour has often been used, but this has
  previously been shown to be inaccurate for small
  people. It is better to use the 0.015 per hour
  for several reasons.

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Alcohol Affects the Body

• Liver - This organ detoxifies many substances in
  the blood.
• Heart - Alcohol causes direct damage to the heart
  by reducing its contractibility and increasing
  fat infiltration.
• Sexuality - Alcohol tends to adversely affect a
  persons sexual ability.
• Stomach - Alcohol irritates the lining of the
  stomach and increases acidity.
• Brain - There are short-term effects and
  long-term effects of alcohol on the brain.

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Alcohol affects people differently

• Tolerance - Tolerance is defined as the need to
  consume more of a drug to reach a given effect or
  the bodys ability to eliminate the drug faster.
• Mood - If a person is angry, happy, or sad, he
  or she may react quite differently
  to alcohol.
• Fatigue - If a person is physically or
  mentally tired, it does not take much alcohol
  to
• produce an adverse effect.
• Medication - Any other drug, whether
  prescribed by a doctor, bought
  over-the-counter or
• taken illegally, will interact with alcohol
• to alter alcohols effect.

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Psychological factors related to consumption of
alcohol

• Judgment/Reasoning - These psychological
  functions are the first ones affected by alcohol.
  A persons ability to judge right from wrong,
  good from bad or to reason is affected.
• Attention - Alcohol usually affects a persons
  ability to concentrate on several sources of
  incoming information more than to concentrate on
  just one source of information.

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Psychological factors related to consumption of
alcohol

• Emotions Emotional control tends to be lost
  as more alcohol is consumed.
• Aggression - Aggressive behavior tends to be
  enhanced, especially in males, when they are
  placed in a competitive situation.
• Tolerance - Psychological tolerance to alcohol
  involves the persons ability to mask the effects
  of alcohol, usually during the early stages of
  drinking. People learn to develop coping
  behaviors which might reveal their impairment.

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How alcohol affects driving ability

• Searching / identifying - Alcohol blurs vision
  and reduces muscle control.
• Eye focus - Alcohol slows focusing of the eye
• Double vision - Alcohol impairs the coordination
  of the eyes.
• Distance judgment - Alcohol reduces the ability
  to judge distances.
• Side vision - Alcohol reduces the ability to take
  in information.
• Visual acuity - Alcohol blurs vision.
• Color distinction - Alcohol reduces the ability
  to distinguish colors.
• Night vision - Alcohol further reduces this
  ability.
• Slowed response time - Alcohol slows a drivers
  ability to process information and respond to
  critical driving tasks.
• Impaired motor skills - A drivers eye, hand, and
  foot coordination is impaired by alcohol.

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Drivers take greater risks after drinking

• Alcohol tends to produce more aggressive behavior
  and, thus, poor decisions. It is possible for a
  driver to search and evaluate correctly, yet fail
  to execute properly. While alcohol affects
  thinking and judgment first, it also affects
  muscular actions, whether in the eyes or arms and
  legs. After drinking, drivers tend to lose fine
  muscle control. This is often shown by failure to
  maintain their vehicles in a straight line
  (weaving). When they brake, they brake too hard
  or not enough. When they steer, they may steer
  too much or fail to return the wheel properly.

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Common signs of the drinking driver

• Tire on center or lane line
• Brakes erratically
• Drives into opposing or crossing traffic
• Signals inconsistently
• Responds slowly to traffic signals
• Illegal or abrupt turns
• Rapid acceleration and/or deceleration
• Drives at night with lights off
• Fails to dim high beam headlights

• Turns in a wide radius
• Straddles center or lane
• marker
• Almost strikes an object
• Weaves
• Drives on shoulder of roadway
• Swerves
• Slow speed
• Stops for no apparent reason
• Follows too closely
• Drifts

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Drugs other than alcohol

• Over-the-Counter Medications - those that can
  be purchased legally without a prescription
• Prescription Medications
• Tranquilizers
• Stimulants
• Narcotics

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• Judgment - Accurate decisions are based on a
  drivers ability to assess and judge a given
  driving situation. Poor judgments often result in
  collisions.
• Coordination - Drivers must coordinate hand, eye
  and foot movements to operate
• a motor vehicle successfully. Loss of such
  ability greatly handicaps performance.
• Vision -Visual impairments make it difficult to
  search, evaluate and execute
• appropriately.
• Mood - A drivers mood may cause him/her to take
  unnecessary risks or be so
• lethargic as to fail to act correctly in a
  dangerous situation

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Drugs Other Than Alcohol and the Driving Task

• Marijuana
• Marijuana - Drug most often found in drivers
  involved in crashes after alcohol.
• Effects include Loss of tracking ability -
  This is the ability to maintain the
• vehicle in a given line.
• Distance judgment - Following too closely can
  cause
• problems.
• Vigilance - Not remaining attentive to the
  driving task can
• cause a driver to follow too closely, drift
  into another lane, etc.
• Divided attention - Driving is a task which
  requires constant
• but changing attention to traffic, roadway and
  weather
• conditions, passengers, gauges, etc.

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Fatigue - Physical or mental weariness resulting
from exertion or other effect.

• Causes of fatigue
• Physical Strain (hard work)
• Mental strain (stress)
• Monotonous tasks (long driving trips)
• Illness
• Lack of sleep
• Effects of fatigue
• Impairs vision
• Impairs perceptual abilities
• Slows reaction time
• Causes misjudgment of speed and distance
• Increases risk-taking
• Induces highway hypnosis
• Causes drowsiness at the wheel

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Drowsy driving - who is most at risk?

• Drivers who are
• Sleep deprived
• Driving long distances without
• rest breaks
• Driving through the night or at
• other times when they are
• normally asleep
• Driving alone
• Driving on long, rural, boring
• roads
• Frequent travelers
• Young people
• Shift workers
• Commercial drivers

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Mental Fatigue

• Mental fatigue symptoms
• Inability to keep fixed attention
• Impaired memory
• Failure to grasp new ideas
• Difficulty/slowness in
• reasoning
• What wont help fatigue
• Toughing it out
• Playing the radio loudly
• Alternating speed up and down
• Opening the windows

• Delaying fatigue onset
• Avoid driving long distances
• Keep your eyes moving
• Fresh air
• Delaying fatigue symptoms
• Change drivers at regular intervals

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Drowsy Driving Facts

• Drowsy Driving It is difficult to attribute
  crashes to sleepiness because there is no test to
  determine sleepiness as there is for intoxication
  (i.e., a sleep breathalyzer).

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Driver Insurance Requirements

• Drivers are required to be Financial
  Responsibility for there actions and damages
  caused through liability insurance and this is
  usually acquired by purchasing vehicle insurance.
  
• Required Insurance
• Every state requires drivers to carry liability
  insurance. There are 3 types of liability
  insurance bodily injury ( 1 person ), multiple
  bodly injury ( 2 or more person ), and property
  damage.
• The State of NC requires a minimum of 30/60/25
  liability insurance for all drivers. Liability
  insurance only pays for injuries or damages to
  the person not at fault. The driver at fault will
  have his liability insurance pay for damages.

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Additional Insurance

• Drivers may also purchase other types of
  insurance. These types of insurance policies pay
  to repair damages to the at fault drivers
  vehicle.
• Collision insurance This insurance will pay for
  repairs to the drivers vehicle when driver is at
  fault for a collision. This insurance will
  require a deductible of 500.00 or 1000.00 which
  is deducted from the amount of damage and paid by
  insurer.
• Comprehensive Insurance This insurance will pay
  for the repairs to the drivers vehicle when
  stolen, vandalized, and Act of God. This
  insurance has a lower deductible of 100 or
  250.00 which is deducted from the amount of the
  damage and paid by the insurer.
• Towing Insurance This insurance will pay for
  the car to be towed when driver is at fault for
  collision.
• Rental Insurance This insurance will pay for a
  rental car when driver is at fault for collision.

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Collision reporting Typically, there are certain
duties to be performed when a driver is involved
in a crash.

• Crash scene
• If a collision with another vehicle, a
  pedestrian or someones property occurs, IT IS
  LEGALLY REQUIRED TO FOLLOW SPECIFIC PROCEDURES.
  These five steps should be taken in addition to
  anything required by your state law
• 1. Stop immediately
• 2. Aid the injured (if qualified, otherwise call
  for help)
• 3. Prevent further damage
• 4. Send/Call for police
• 5. Exchange Information/Reporting

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• Take these additional steps after a collision
• 1. Record witnesses names and addresses
• 2. Make a sketch of the collision scene
• 3. Take a photograph
• 4. Record such facts as time, date, location,
  weather and driving
• conditions
• 5. Note the name of the hospital to which any
  injured persons were
• taken
• 6. Note the name and the identification number
  of the police officer at
• the collision scene

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• Give police the facts. Provide honest, accurate
• facts and never argue about who was to blame.
• Do not admit fault. Stay at the scene until all
• information has been recorded. Produce proof
• of financial responsibility by showing a card
• that lists current insurance or a bond card.
• Also, notify appropriate insurance agent
• promptly.

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Visit these websites for more information on
Drivers Education.

• www.drivingskillsforlife.com
• www.aaa.com
• www.oli.org
• www.ncdot.org
• www.safeteendriving.org
• www.AdvanceAutoParts.com
• www.allstate.com