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Title: Late%20Adulthood:%20Cognitive%20Development


1
Part VIII
Chapter Twenty-Four
  • Late Adulthood Cognitive Development

The Usual Information Processing After Age
65 The impaired Dementia The Optimal New
Cognitive Development
2
Late Adulthood Cognitive Development
  • By the end of adulthood, physical impairment,
    reduced perception, decreased energy, and slower
    reactions take an increasing toll.
  • Late-adulthood cognition is too complex to be
    captured in a brief social conversation.

3
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Information-Processing Approach
  • breaking down cognition into the steps of
  • input (sensing)
  • storage (memory)
  • program (control process)
  • output
  • a perspective that compares human thinking
    processes to computer analysis of data.

4
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Sensing and Perceiving
  • stimuli becomes information, perceived by the
    mind, which must cross the sensory threshold

5
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Attention Deficits
  • sensory-input problemspeople miss information
    without realizing it
  • cognition depends on perception, and perception
    depends on sensation
  • one way to predict an older persons intellect
    may be to measure vision, hearing, or smell

6
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Interference
  • is thought to be a major impediment to effective
    and efficient cognition in the elderly
  • reduced sensory input affects cognition by
    increasing the effects of interference

7
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Memory
  • storage refers to memory in the
    information-processing model of cognition

8
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Working Memory
  • the capacity to keep information in mind while
    processing it, evaluating, calculating, inferring
    etc.
  • functions as both a repository and a processor
  • Dual-Task Deficit
  • performance of one task is impeded by
    interference from the simultaneous performance of
    another task

9
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Long-Term Memory
  • the component of the information processing
    system in which virtually limitless amounts of
    information can be stored indefinitely
  • knowledge base
  • a body of knowledge in a particular area that
    makes it easier to master new information in that
    area

10
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Selective Memory
  • in areas not related to expertise, selective
    deficits in long-term memory appear

11
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Control Processes
  • part of the information-processing system that
    regulates the analysis and flow of information
  • memory and retrieval strategies, selective
    attention, and rules or strategies for problem
    solving are all useful control processes

12
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Analysis
  • an aspect of impaired analysis is that the
    elderly are more likely to stick to preconceived
    ideas rather than consider and change their minds

13
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Retrieval
  • another control process, the ability to recall
    the name of childhood acquaintance, worsens with
    age

14
Reminding People of What They Know
  • Priming
  • preparation that makes it easier to perform some
    actionretrieval from memory is easier if we are
    given a clue
  • Explicit Memory
  • is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific
    test), usually with words
  • involves consciously learned words, data, and
    concepts
  • Implicit Memory
  • unconscious or automatic memory-- stored via
    habits, emotional responses, routine procedures,
    and various sensations

15
Brain Slowdown
  • the elderly react more slowly than young adults
  • reduced production of neurotransmitters
  • speed is crucial for many aspects of cognition,
    especially working memory, since information
    stays in working memory for only a short time

16
Staying Healthy and Alert
  • secondary agingillness and conditions that
    affect one person but not another
  • is a major reason for the remarkable variation in
    intellectual ability between one older person and
    another

17
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Ageism
  • cognitive decline is rooted not in the older
    persons body and brain but in the surrounding
    social context
  • cultural attitudes can lead directly to age
    differences in cognition

18
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Stereotype Threat
  • does most harm when individuals internalize other
    peoples prejudices and react with helplessness
  • because they have internalized the idea that old
    age always bring dementia, that fear may become a
    stereotype threat, undermining normal thinking

19
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Ageism Among Scientist
  • scientists measure age differences in memory in
    the same way they studied memory in generalin
    laboratories
  • these factors work against older adults, who tend
    to perform best in familiar settings

20
The Usual Information Processing After Age 65
  • Beyond Ageism

21
The Impaired Dementia
  • the pathological loss of brain function
    literally, out of mind, referring to severely
    impaired judgment
  • irreversible loss of intellectual functioning
    caused by organic brain damage or disease
  • becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal
    and pathological even in the very old

22
The Impaired Dementia
  • Alzheimers Disease (AD)
  • the most common cause of dementia, characterized
    by gradual deterioration of memory and
    personality
  • marked by the formation of plaques of
    beta-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain

23
Risk Factors for Alzheimers Disease
  • gender, ethnicity, and especially age affect a
    persons odds of developing Alzheimers disease
  • fewer East Asians than Europeans develop the
    disorder
  • less common among those of African descent, but
    life expectancy is far lower in Africa

24
Alzheimers Stages
  • Usually runs through a progressive course of five
    identifiable stages, beginning with forgetfulness
    and ending in death

25
Alzheimers Stages
  • 1 confused with normal aging
  • 2 generalized confusiondeficits in
    concentration and short-term memory
  • 3 memory loss becomes dangerous
  • 4 need full-time care
  • 5 unresponsive, no longer talking
  • stages take 10 to 15 years

26
Strokes
  • the second most common cause of dementia
  • repeated brain damage leads to
  • vascular dementia (VaD), also called
    multi-infarct dementia (MID)
  • characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss
    of intellectual functioning caused by repeated
    infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood
    vessels

27
Subcotical Dementias
  • Begin with impairments in motor ability (which is
    governed by the subcortex) and produce cognitive
    impairment in later stages
  • Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, and
    Multiple Sclerosis
  • Parkinsons Disease
  • characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity
    caused by a reduction of dopamine production in
    the brain

28
Reversible Dementia
  • caused by medication, inadequate nutrition,
    alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental
    illness can sometimes be reversed

29
Reversible Dementia
  • Overmedication and Undernourishment
  • without considering interaction, many drugs
    commonly taken by the elderly slow down mental
    processes
  • inadequate nutrition is connected to
    overmedication, many medications reduce
    absorption of vitamins

30
The Impaired Dementia
  • Psychological Illness
  • elderly people have a lower incidence of
    psychological disordersthe rate of anxiety,
    antisocial personality disorder, bipolar
    disorder, schizophrenia, and depression are lower
    after age 65

31
The Impaired Dementia
  • Prevention and Treatment
  • there is no cure or prevention for dementia
  • many lifestyle factors that slow down senescence
    also delay the onset of dementia

32
The Optimal New Cognitive Development
  • older people are more interested than young in
    the arts, in children, and in human experiences
  • the elderly are social witnesses to life
  • aware of interdependent of the generations
  • there are gains and losses at every stage of life

33
The Optimal New Cognitive Development
  • Aesthetic Sense and Creativity
  • elderly people seem to gain a greater
    appreciation of nature and aesthetic experience

34
The Optimal New Cognitive Development
  • The Life Review
  • an examination of ones own part in life, engaged
    in by many elderly people

35
The Optimal New Cognitive Development
  • Wisdom
  • a cognitive perspective characterized by a broad,
    practical, comprehensive approach to lifes
    problems, reflecting timeless truths rather than
    immediate expediencyseems to be more common in
    the elderly than in the young
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