Malcolm Ellis on behalf of the Detector Working Group'

1
ISS Detector Working Group Report

• Malcolm Ellis on behalf of the Detector Working
  Group.
• NuFact06
• U.C. Irvine
• 24th August 2006

http//dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detec
tor-study.htm
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Outline

• Working Groups Composition and Mission
• Detectors studied
• Water Cherenkov
• Magnetised Segmented Detectors
• Iron / Scintillator sandwich (MINOS like)
• Totally Active Scintillating Detector (Minerva
  like)
• Liquid Argon TPC
• Hybrid Emulsion Detectors
• Beam Diagnostic Devices
• Near Detector
• Test beam facility for Neutrino Detector RD
• Total Neutrino Detector RD Programme
• Matter Effects
• Executive Summary
• Conclusions

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Mission

• Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection
  systems with a view to defining a baseline set of
  detection systems to be taken forward in a
  subsequent conceptual-design phase
• ISS Talk by A. Blondel
• http//dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/ISS-4/ISS4-Blon
  del-summary-22-08-2006.ppt
• Provide a research-and-development program
  required to deliver the baseline design ? Funding
  request for four years of detector RD
  2007-2010 (but more likely 2008-2011)
• ISS Talk by P. Soler
• http//dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/ISS-4/ISS4-Neut
  rinoDetectorRnD-Soler.ppt

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Organisation
Detector council (i.e. steering group) role
ensure basic organization, and monitors progress
wrt objectives Alain Blondel (Geneva) Paul Soler
(Glasgow) Alan Bross (Fermilab) Paolo Strolin
(INFN) Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR) Dave Wark (Imperial)
Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics)

• Working Groups
• Water Cerenkov Detectors Kenji Kaneyuki,
  Jean-Eric Campagne
• Magnetic Sampling Detectors Jeff Nelson --gt
  Anselmo Cervera
• http//dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magne
  ticdetector/SMD-web.htm
• TASD Malcolm Ellis Large Magnet Alan Bross
• Liquid Argon TPC Scott Menary, Andreas
  Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe
  Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS)
  http//www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/
• Emulsion Detectors Pasquale Migliozzi
• http//people.na.infn.it/pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSM
  ainPage.html
• Near Detectors Paul Soler
• http//ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_De
  tector.html

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Water Cherenkov

• Suitable for low energy neutrino detection (
  0.2-1 GeV)
• Excellent nm-ne separation

Muon-like
Electron-like

• Impossible to put a magnetic field around it, so
  not suitable for neutrino factory.
• Baseline for low energy beta-beams or super-beams

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Photo Detector RD in Japan (Tokyo KEK)
13inch HPD prototype
Aiharas presentation at the 2nd
international Workshop on a Far detector in Korea
for the J-Parc neutrino beam (July/13-14/2006)
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Photon Detector RD in Europe
Choice of photomultiplier (PMT), Hybrid-PMT and
Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD) Size vs. Cost IPNO
with PHOTONIS, tests of PMT, comparison 20 vs.
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• Diameter 20 ltgt 12
• projected area 1660
  615 cm²
• QE(typical) 20 24
  
• CE 60 70
• Cost PMT 2500 800
• Cost/PE 12.6 7.7
  /PE
• PM cost/(areaxQExCE)

• 30 coverage (12) gives the same of PE/MeV
  as 40 coverage (20)
• the required of 12 PMTs is twice the of
  20 PMTs

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Magnetised Segmented Detectors

• Golden channel signature wrong-sign muons in
  magnetised calorimeter

9xMINOS (5.4 kT)

• Baseline technology for a far detector at a
  neutrino factory
• Issues electron ID, segmentation, readout
  technology (RPC or scintillator?) need RD to
  resolve these
• Technology is well understood, RD needed to
  determine details, natural progression from MINOS
• Magnetisation of volume seems to be most
  challenging problem
• A 100 kton detector with a B-field of 1.4 T is
  feasible (Nelson)

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Magnetic Iron Detector
Signal
New analysis this ISS meeting Cervera Can go to
lower threshold in muon momentum Main
background production of charm No estimation of
electron performance
QtPmsin2 q
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Comparison with Previous Analysis
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Totally Active Segmented Detector
Simulation of a Totally Active Scintillating
Detector (TASD) using Nona and Minerna concepts
with Geant4
Ellis, Bross

• 3333 Modules (X and Y plane)
• Each plane contains 1000 slabs
• Total 6.7M channels

• Momenta between 100 MeV/c to 15 GeV/c
• Magnetic field considered 0.5 T
• Reconstructed position resolution 4.5 mm

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TASD Performance
Muon reconstructed efficiency
Muon charge mis-ID rate
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Large Magnetic Volumes
Possible magnet schemes for MSD
Camilleri, Bross, Strolin
10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal
field perpendicular to beam Each 750 turns, 4500
amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . Total 420 MJoules
(CMS 2700 MJoules) Coil Aluminium

• Warm coil magnets
• Total cost 5m x 10 50M
• Problem operational cost (gt13M/year with
  factor of 3 uncertainty)

• Superconducting coil magnet cost extrapolation
  formulas
• Use stored energy 14M/module
• Use magnetic volume 60M/module
• GEM magnet extrapolation 69 M/module

x10 modules!
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High Tc Magnet Possibilities

• The technological status moves so fast, that even
  powerpoint engineering has a hard time to keep
  up!
• Recently announced cable has 3X the current
  carrying capability at somewhat smaller cost.
• So the 200X cost (over conventional SC) is now
  maybe 60.
• So look closer (with thanks to Bob Palmer)
• Assume
• Operation at 35K
• Still allows for foam insulated cryostat (no
  vacuum loading)
• Higher current carrying capacity
• Superconductor cost for 30,000 m3 (USD) (newly
  announced cable)
• 50M
• Foam Insulated vessel (based on GLACIER studies)
• 50M
• Engineering (WAG)
• 50M
• 150M

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Magnetised Segmented Detectors

• RD programme
• Baseline option segmented iron-scintillator
  detector
• Optimisation geometry lateral and longitudinal
  segmentation, performance muon charge
  identification, backgrounds
• Mechanics
• Scintillator with Multi-anode PMT or Resistive
  Plate Chambers (RPC) option (gain stability,
  ageing, )
• Cost
• Non-baseline Totally Active Scintillation
  Detector (TASD) or hybrid
• Magnetisation of volume how to do it, reduction
  of cost
• Optimisation of geometry segmentation, muon and
  electron charge ID, backgrounds
• Mechanics.
• Scintillator liquid or solid (extruded), optic
  fibre light transmission
• Scintillator readout Avalanche Photodiodes (APD)
  or other
• Readout electronics, DAQ,

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Liquid Argon TPC

• Liquid argon detector is the ultimate detector
  for ne (platinum channel) and nt appearance
  (silver channel). Simultaneous fit to all wrong
  and right sign distributions.
• ICARUS has constructed 2x300 t modules and
  observed images

Badertscher, Menary, Rubbia

• Main issues inclusion of a magnetic field,
  scalability to 15-100 kT
• Two main RD programmes Europe US

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Liquid Argon TPC - GLACIER
A tentative detector layout (GLACIER)
Single detector charge imaging, scintillation,
possibly Cerenkov light
Charge readout plane (LEM plane)
GAr
E 3 kV/cm
LAr
Electronic racks
Extraction grid
E-field
E 1 kV/cm
Field shaping electrodes
Cathode (- HV)
UV Cerenkov light readout PMTs
Magnetic field problem not solved Field 0.1-1 T?
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Very Large LArTPC RD in Europe

• Electron drift under high pressure (p 3 atm at
  the bottom of the tank)
• Charge extraction, amplification and imaging
  devices
• Charge readout Large Electron Multiplier (LEM)
• Light readout PMT with wavelength shifting
  coating
• Cryostat design, in collaboration with industry
• Logistics, infrastructure and safety issues (in
  part. for underground sites)
• Tests with long 5-20 m drift length (Argontube
  detector)
• Cooling and purification

• Cockcroft-Walton acceleration drift very high
  voltage (Greinacher circuit)
• Study of LAr TPC prototypes in a magnetic field
• tracks seen and measured in 10 lt prototype
• RD high temperature superconductor at LAr
  temperatures
• Test beam magnet CERN PS East Area

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Proposed NuMI LArTPC RD Path
Fermilab, Michigan State, Princeton, Tufts, UCLA,
Yale, York (Canada)
from our submission to NuSAG (Fermilab FN-0776-E)
or maybe 50 kton
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Hybrid Emulsion Detectors

• Emulsion detector for nt appearance, a la OPERA
  silver channel
• Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC)

• Issues high rate, selected by choosing only
  wrong sign t ? m events
• Assume a factor of two bigger than OPERA (4 kt)

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Magnetised Emulsion Detectors
spectrometer
target
shower absorber
Muon charge misidentification
Muon momentum resolution
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Hybrid Emulsion Detectors
Possible design of a hybrid emulsion-scintillator
far detector

• Transverse dimension of a plane 15.7x15.7 m2 (as
  in Nova)
• 1 brick 35 stainless steel plates 1 mm thick (2
  X0,, 3.5 kg)
• Spectrometer 3 gaps (3 cm each) and 4 emulsion
  films
• A wall contains 19720 bricks ? Weight 68 tons
• For 60 walls ? 1183200 bricks ? 4.1 kton
• Emulsion film 47,328,000 pieces (in OPERA there
  are 12,000,000)
• Electronic detector 35 Nova planes
  (corresponding to 5.3 X0 ) after each MECC wall ?
  2100 planes
• Total length of detector is 150 m

Synergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detector
Golden and silver channels simultaneously!
RD plans

• Improvement automatic scanning (speed, accuracy,
  )
• Further RD reconstruction magnetic fields (test
  beams)
• Magnetisation emulsion volume (with hybrid
  detector)

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Beam Diagnostic Detectors

• Beam Current Transformer (BCT) to be included at
  entrance of straight section large diameter,
  with accuracy 10-3.

• Beam Cherenkov for divergence measurement? Could
  affect quality of beam.

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Beam Diagnostic Detectors

• Muon polarization
• Build prototype of polarimeter

Fourier transform of muon energy
spectrum amplitudegt polarization frequency gt
energy decay gt energy spread.
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Near Detector
What needs to be measured

• Near detectors should be able to measure flux and
  energy of and
• Calibration and flux control (inverse muon
  decay)
• High event rate
• 109 CC events/year in 50 kg detector
• 105 inverse muon decays/year/ton

• Measure charm in near detector to control
  systematics of far detector (main background in
  oscillation search is wrong sign muon from charm)

• Other physics neutrino cross-sections, PDF,
  electroweak measurements, ...
• Possible technology fully instrumented silicon
  target in a magnetic detector.

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Possible Near Detector
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Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector RD

• Request test beam in East Area at the CERN PS,
  with a fixed dipole magnet for dedicated Neutrino
  Detector RD

Liquid Argon tests, beam telescopes for silicon
pixel and SciFi tests, calorimetry
Neutrino detector test facility community
resource for neutrino detector RD
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Matter Effects

• for NUFACT
• work on systematic errors on matter effect
• A preliminary study was made by
• E. Kozlovskaya, J. Peltoniemi, J. Sarkamo,
• The density distribution in the Earth along the
  CERN-Pyhäsalmi baseline and its effect on
  neutrino oscillations. CUPP-07/2003

• the uncertainties on matter
• effects are at the level of a few

J. Peltoniemi
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Recommendations
ISS-3 at RAL Warner
Such a study, in collaboration with
geophysicists will be needed for candidate LBL
sites
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Executive Summary Baseline Detectors
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Executive Summary Beyond the baseline
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Executive Summary Near Detector
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Conclusions - I

• The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion
  a range of activities that are happening in the
  world.
• A number of new results were obtained and
  baseline detectors were defined.These are
  feasible systems with well understood
  performance.
• For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be
  considered as a baseline detector technology at
  least below pion threshold. An active
  international activity exists in this domain.
• 1Mton (0.5-1) G
• For medium energy (few GeV) there is comptetiton
  and it is not obvious which detector (WC, LArg or
  TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost.

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Conclusions - II

• For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized
  iron detector can be built at a cost of 200300
  M for the golden channel.
• New analysis of low E muons should improve
  sensitivities.
• A non magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC)
  detector for tau detection can be added with a
  mass of 5 kton
• There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can
  be embedded in a Large Magnetic Volume. At first
  sight difficulties and cost may be large. This
  should be actively pursued.
• Electron sign determination up to 10 GeV has been
  demonstrated for MECC, and studies are ongoing
  for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector.

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Conclusions - III

• Near detector, beam instrumentation and
  cross-section measurements are absolutely
  required.
• The precision measurements such as CP violation
  constitute a new game wih respect to the present
  generation
• For the super-beam and beta beam the near
  detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be
  invented.
• There is a serious potential problem at low
  energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect
  and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made
  at the occasion of the study.
• NUFACT flux and cross sections should be
  calibrated with a precision of 10-3. An
  important design and simulation effort is
  required for the near detector and diagnostic
  area. (Shielding strategy is unknown at this
  point)
• Finally, matter effects were discussed with the
  conclusion that a systematic error at 2 seems
  achievable with good collaboration with
  geologists.

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Conclusions - IV

• The next generation of efforts should see a first
  go at the design effort and RD towards the
  design of precision neutrino experiments
• There is a motivated core of people eager to do
  so and this activity should grow.