The East Asian World

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The East Asian World
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China at Its Apex

• From the Ming to the Qing
• Peasant rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368
• Ming (Bright) Dynasty
• Territorial expansion
• Central Asia, Vietnam, and control over Chinas
  heartland
• Series of voyages far into Indian Ocean
• Retreat from Maritime trade
• First Contacts with the West
• Portuguese, Macao, and regional trade with Japan
• Spanish in the Philippines trading with China
• Christian missionaries
• Jesuits drew parallels between Christian and
  Confucian concepts
• God and Heaven, Christian morality and Confucian
  ethics

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China, contd

• The Ming Brought to Earth
• Decline due to corrupted weak rulers,
  concentration of landownership, peasant
  rebellions, tribal unrest along northern frontier
• English and Dutch disrupted silver trade
• Crop yields declined starvation
• High taxes
• Manchus conquered China, created Qing
• Ching,or Pure) dynasty

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China and Its Enemies During the Late Ming Era
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The Greatness of the Qing

• Accession of Manchus not universally applauded
• Forced Chinese to adopt Manchu dress and
  hairstyles to spot rebels
• Males to shave foreheads and braid hair into a
  queue or execution
• Manchus adapted well to Chinese conditions
• Adopted Chinese political system
• Gradually accepted as rulers
• The Reign of Kangxi (Kang Hsi, 1661-1722)
• Greatest ruler of China
• Pacified the people on the northern and western
  frontiers
• Patron of the arts and letters
• Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits activities
  tolerated and reached heights but squabbling led
  to suppression

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The Qing, contd

• The Reign of Qianlong
• Continued in Kangxis footsteps which led to
  continued growth of China
• Signs of internal decay
• Military campaigns expensive
• Corruption in courts
• Unrest in rural areas due to burden of tax,
  growing population, bureaucratic venality
• White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)
• Qing Politics
• Adapted to new environment easily
• Stressed devotion to principles of Confucianism
• Manchus - 2 percent of the population distinct
  population
• Manchu had aristocratic privileges, held land and
  revenue from state treasury
• Bannermen assigned farmland and organized into
  military units
• Dyarchy administrative positions shared equally
  with Chinese and Manchus

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The Qing, contd

• China on the Eve of Western Onslaught
• New era of military confrontation and pressure
  from trade
• Russia, Treaty of Nerchinsk
• English in Canton
• China forced trade restrictions on England
• England upset at uneven balance of trade, kowtow
• Emperor declared his distaste for British
  products, which sowed seeds for a century of
  humiliation

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The Qing Empire in the 18th C
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The Temple of Heaven
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Changing China

• The Population Explosion
• 70 to 80 million in 1390 to over 300 million at
  the end of the 18th century
• Long period of peace and stability
• Introduction of new crops from America (peanuts,
  sweet potatoes, and maize)
• New species of faster growing rice from Southeast
  Asia
• Seeds of Industrialization
• Trade and commerce
• Under control of the government
• Political and social prejudice against commerce
• Matteo Ricci, clocks

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Daily Life in Qing China

• The family
• Joint family
• Large families to maintain agriculture
• Filial piety
• Clan
• The Role of Women
• Inferior to men
• Carry on sacred rituals/govern
• Husband could divorce his wife, take second wife,
  or take on a concubine if first wife did not
  produce a male heir
• Problems that face widows
• Influential role in the family

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Cultural Developments

• Rise of the Chinese Novel
• Colloquial style
• Sympathized with the downtrodden
• The Golden Lotus and The Dream of the Red Chamber
• Art of the Ming and Qing
• Architecture and the Imperial City in Beijing
• Decorative arts
• Artists

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Tokugawa Japan

• The Three Great Unifiers
• Oda Nobunga (1568-1582)
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)
• Osaka
• Korea
• Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616)

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Tokugawa Japan
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Tokugawa Japan, contd

• Opening to the West
• Unification of Japan simultaneous with coming of
  Europeans
• Portuguese arrive in 1543, begin regional trade
• Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary arrived 1549
• Japanese liked tobacco, clocks, spectacles,
  weapons and armaments
• Copied European military architecture built
  castles
• Missionaries converted some Japanese but
  destroyed local idols and shrines, turned temples
  into Christian schools or churches
• European intervened in local politics

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The Christians are Expelled

• Edict prohibited Christian activities
• Expulsion of all missionaries
• Prohibited foreign trade
• Closed foreign factories except one owned by
  Dutch on Hirado Island and at Nagasaki

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The Tokugawa Great Peace

• Ruled through a coalition of daimyo and a council
  of elders
• State divided into territories, han
• Daimyo had to have two residences
• Families left at Edo
• Economic problems
• Social system
• Changes with samurai system

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The Tokugawa Great Peace contd

• Seeds of Capitalism
• Commercial expansion
• Major cities
• Consumer culture
• Impact on the samurai
• Ronin
• Land Problems
• Impact on rural population
• Low population growth

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The Tokugawa Great Peace contd

• Life in the Village
• Bakufu
• Ie
• Role of women

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Tokugawa Culture

• The Literature of the New Middle Class
• Saikaku (1642-1693)
• Theater
• Kabuki
• Basho (1644-1694)
• Hokku
• Haiku
• Tokugawa Art
• Castle building/décor and furnishings
• Influence of other cultures
• Influence of Dutch Learning
• Woodblock Printing

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The Siege of Osaka Castle
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Korea The Hermit Kingdom

• Followed the Chinese model
• Yangban (aristocratic class)
• Chonmin (slaves)
• Hangul, phonetic alphabet
• Growing economy
• Attempts to keep Korea isolated
• Japanese invasion
• Manchu invasion
• Relatively untouched by Europeans

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Discussion Questions

• Why were the Manchus so successful at
  establishing a foreign dynasty in China, and what
  were the main characteristics of Manchu rule?
• How did the society and economy of Japan change
  during the Tokugawa era, and how did Japanese
  culture reflect these changes?
• How did China and Japan respond to the coming of
  the Europeans, and what explains the differences?