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Types of Listening

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Title: Types of Listening


1
Types of Listening
  • Discriminative Listening
  • Comprehension Listening
  • Evaluative Listening
  • Appreciative Listening
  • Empathetic Listening
  • Therapeutic Listening
  • Relational Listening

2
Discriminative Listening
  • Discriminative listening is the most basic type
    of listening, whereby the difference between
    difference sounds is identified. If you cannot
    hear differences, then you cannot make sense of
    the meaning that is expressed by such
    differences.
  • We learn to discriminate between sounds within
    our own language early, and later are unable to
    discriminate between the phonemes of other
    languages. This is one reason why a person from
    one country finds it difficult to speak another
    language perfectly, as they are unable
    distinguish the subtle sounds that are required
    in that language.
  • Likewise, a person who cannot hear the subtleties
    of emotional variation in another person's voice
    will be less likely to be able to discern the
    emotions the other person is experiencing.
  • Listening is a visual as well as auditory act, as
    we communicate much through body language. We
    thus also need to be able to discriminate between
    muscle and skeletal movements that signify
    different meanings.

3
Comprehension Listening
  • The next step beyond discriminating between
    different sound and sights is to make sense of
    them. To comprehend the meaning requires first
    having a lexicon of words at our fingertips and
    also all rules of grammar and syntax by which we
    can understand what others are saying.
  • The same is true, of course, for the visual
    components of communication, and an understanding
    of body language helps us understand what the
    other person is really meaning.
  • In communication, some words are more important
    and some less so, and comprehension often
    benefits from extraction of key facts and items
    from a long spiel.

4
Evaluative Listening
  • In evaluative listening, or critical listening,
    we make judgments about what the other person is
    saying. We seek to assess the truth of what is
    being said. We also judge what they say against
    our values, assessing them as good or bad, worthy
    or unworthy.
  • Evaluative listening is particularly pertinent
    when the other person is trying to persuade us,
    perhaps to change our behavior and maybe even to
    change our beliefs. Within this, we also
    discriminate between subtleties of language and
    comprehend the inner meaning of what is said.
    Typically also we weigh up the pros and cons of
    an argument, determining whether it makes sense
    logically as well as whether it is helpful to us.

5
FACT
Statement can be measured or proven.
OPINION
Statement is based on speakers point of view
INFERENCE
Statement reflects influence of previous
observations or analysis
Hand out In groups, analyze whether the
statements listed are facts, opinions, or
inference.
6
Loaded Language
  • Pick out the specific loaded words or phrases in
    these selections. In groups, rewrite one
    paragraph without the loaded language.
  • This is a bargain basement type of store. The
    antiquated dressing area, the outdated models,
    and cheap merchandise create a visit to the past.
    Only those with a nose for bargains should shop
    here.
  • These are deserving students whose thrifty
    parents have scrimped and saved to provide their
    basic living expenses. The philanthropic alumni
    provide funds for tuition plus books.
  • One day bulldozers with merciless jaws toppled
    the house and took bites out of the driveway.
    These tradition-eating monsters leveled a whole
    heritage in less than a day. The houses built as
    monuments to the dedicated zealot immigrant
    railway workers fell before progress in the form
    of an expressway. An era ended in the rubble.
  • 4. The divorce rocked the foundations of our
    family life. The former spouses became tentative
    strangers. Weekends were a battleground as
    everyone sniped at one another. Some people
    moped, other attacked everyone in sight. Blessed
    time finally healed the rawest wounds.

7
Appreciative Listening
  • In appreciative listening, we seek certain
    information which we will appreciate, for example
    that which helps meet our needs and goals. We use
    appreciative listening when we are listening to
    good music, poetry or maybe even the stirring
    words of a great leader.

8
Empathetic Listening
  • When we listen empathetically, we seek to
    understand the beliefs, models, emotions and
    goals of other people. This requires excellent
    discrimination and close attention to the nuances
    of emotional signals.
  • In order to get others to expose these deep parts
    of themselves to us, we also need to demonstrate
    our empathy in our demeanor towards them, asking
    sensitively and in a way that encourages
    self-disclosure.

9
Therapeutic Listening
  • In therapeutic listening, the listener has a
    purpose of not only empathizing with the speaker
    but also to use this deep connection in order to
    help the speaker understand, change or develop in
    some way.
  • This not only happens when you go to see a
    therapist but also in many social situations,
    where friends and family seek to both diagnose
    problems from listening and also to help the
    speaker cure themselves, perhaps by some
    cathartic process. This also happens in work
    situations, where managers, HR people, trainers
    and coaches seek to help employees learn and
    develop.

10
REFLECTIVE LISTENING
Reflective Responses provide a mirror to the
speaker - the listener restates the feeling
and/or content of what the speaker has
communicated and does so in a way that
demonstrates understanding and acceptance.
Paraphrasing - A concise response to the speaker
which states the essence of the others content
in the listeners own words. A. Concise B.
Reflects only the essentials of the speakers
message. C. Focuses on the content of the
speakers message. Deals with facts or
ideas rather than the emotions the sender is
expressing. D. Stated in the listeners own
words. (Not parroting)
11
Reflecting Feelings - involves mirroring back to
the speaker, in succinct statements, the emotions
which he / she is communicating. Listeners
frequently miss many of the emotional dimensions
of a conversation. There is a tendency to rivet
attention on content.
Reflecting Meanings - When Feelings and facts are
joined in one succinct response, we have a
reflection of meaning. Once a person knows how
to reflect feeling and content separately, it is
relatively easy to put the two together into a
reflection of meaning. The You
feel...because... formula You feel happy because
things are going well in all parts of your
life. You feel anxious because he is so
inconsistent.
12
Relational Listening
  • Relational listening mean learning through
    conversation and an engaged interchange of ideas
    and information in which we actively seek to
    learn more about the person and how they think.
  • JOURNAL Under each category of listening types,
    list examples of when you have used or would use
    it.

13
Depth of Listening
  • False Listening
  • Partial Listening
  • Full Listening
  • Deep Listening

14
False Listening
  • False listening occurs where a person is
    pretending to listen but is not hearing anything
    that is being said. They may nod, smile and grunt
    in all the right places, but do not actually take
    in anything that is said.
  • This is a skill that may be finely honed by
    people who do a lot of inconsequential listening,
    such as politicians and royalty. Their goal with
    their audience is to make a good impression in
    very short space of time before they move on,
    never to talk to that person again. It is also
    something practiced by couples, particularly
    where one side does most of the talking. However,
    the need for relationship here can lead to this
    being spotted ('You're not listening again!') and
    consequent conflict.

15
Partial Listening
  • Partial listening is what most of us do most of
    the time. We listen to the other person with the
    best of intent and then become distracted, either
    by stray thoughts or by something that the other
    person has said.
  • We consequently dip inside our own heads for a
    short while as we figure out what they really
    mean or formulate a question for them, before
    comingĀ  back into the room and starting to listen
    again.
  • This can be problematic when the other person has
    moved on and we are unable to pick up the threads
    of what is being said. We thus easily can fall
    into false listening, at least for a short while.
    This can be embarrassing, of course, if they
    suddenly ask your opinion. A tip here own up,
    admitting that you had lost the thread of the
    conversation and asking them to repeat what was
    said.

16
Full Listening
  • Full listening happens where the listener pays
    close and careful attention to what is being
    said, seeking carefully to understand the full
    content that the speaker is seeking to put
    across.
  • This may be very active form of listening, with
    pauses for summaries and testing that
    understanding is complete. By the end of the
    conversation, the listener and the speaker will
    probably agree that the listener has fully
    understood what was said.
  • Full listening takes much more effort than
    partial listening, as it requires close
    concentration, possibly for a protracted period.
    It also requires skills of understanding and
    summary.

17
Deep Listening
  • Beyond the intensity of full listening, you can
    also reach into a form of listening that not only
    hears what is said but also seeks to understand
    the whole person behind the words.
  • In deep listening, you listen between the lines
    of what is said, hearing the emotion, watching
    the body language, detecting needs and goals,
    identifying preferences and biases, perceiving
    beliefs and values, and so on.
  • To listen deeply, you need a strong understanding
    of human psychology and to pay attention not just
    to the words by the whole person.

18
Listening Skills
Attending Skills - giving your physical attention
to another person - listening with the whole body.
Posture of Involvement - Relaxed
alertness Inclining ones body toward the
speaker Facing the other squarely Maintaining an
open position Positioning yourself at an
appropriate distance from the speaker - Americans
feel uneasy when someone with whom they are not
intimate positions himself closer than three feet
for an extended time.
Appropriate Body Motion - People prefer speaking
to listeners whose bodies are not rigid and
unmoving. The avoidance of distracting motions
and gestures.
19
Eye Contact
Non-distracting Environment - Removing sizable
physical barriers fosters better communication
Psychological Attention - If I try to fake
attention while listening to another, I deceive
only myself. - Without psychological presence, no
attending technique will work.
Consciously Working at Attending The most
commonly quoted estimate, based on research, is
that 85 percent of our communication is
nonverbal. So attending, the nonverbal part of
listening is a basic building block of the
listening process.
20
INTERVIEWING
  • Questioning Techniques
  • Closed Questions Directing the speaker to give
    specific, short responses.
  • Open Questions - Providing space for the speaker
    to explore his thoughts without being hemmed in
    too much.
  • Funneling Starting with Open-ended questions,
    moving toward closed questions.
  • Blossoming Starting with Closed questions,
    moving toward open-ended questions.
  • Ask only one question at a time
  • Dont ask too many questions.
  • Attentive silence.

21
Assignment
  • Choose an interview subject
  • Must be from an older generation.
  • Schedule an interview this week.
  • Write 15 start-up questions.
  • Not all questions may be used.
  • Questions should be written to reflect the
    individuality of the subject you are
    interviewing.
  • Interview your subject.
  • Record your interview notes, tape recorder,
    video
  • Include follow-up questions that develop out of
    the interview.
  • Write the finished interview in Question / Answer
    format.
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