MILSTD

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MIL-STD-1472F

• Presented by
• Louise Kreider
• Mark Vachon
• John McKeel

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Sections

• Introduction
• General Requirements
• Requirements for control/display integration
• Requirements for visual displays
• Requirements for audio displays and warning
  signals

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Introduction

• This standard establishes general human
  engineering criteria for design and development
  of military systems, equipment and facilities.
  Its purpose is to present human engineering
  design criteria, principles and practices to be
  applied in the design of systems equipment and
  facilities so as to
• Achieve required performance by operator, control
  and maintenance personnel.
• Minimize skill and personnel requirements and
  training time.
• Achieve required reliability of
  personnel-equipment combinations.
• Foster design standardization within and among
  systems.

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Current Standard

• Technical revision of MIL-STD 1472E (31 March
  1998)
• 1427E was revision of 1472D
• Page count was reduced from 423 to 206
• Applicable documents were trimmed from 81 to 25
• Many "shalls changed to "shoulds

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Content

• Incorporates many federal standards, guidelines
  and handbooks
• Department of Defense
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• American National Standards Institute
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial
  Hygienists
• American Society for Testing and Materials
• International Organization for Standardization
  (ISO)
• Society of Automotive Engineers

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General requirements forall equipment and systems

• Maximize human performance and safety
• Minimize training and skill requirements
• Uniformity
• Efficient allocation of function
• Equipment simplicity and ruggedness
• NBC survivability
• EMP (Electromagnetic pulse) hardened
• Automate as indicated

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Control-display integration

• General criteria
• Apparent control-display relationship
• Immediate feedback on system state
• Easy visual and physical access
• Functional grouping, display commonality,
  consistency
• Sequencing accepted cultural norms
• Accepted movement relationships

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Control/display movement ratio

• Ratio scale is dependent on display type
• Coarse settings and fine settings
• Examples
• Knob (coarse) 6 in. of display movement for one
  turn of knob
• Knob (fine) 1-2 in. of display movement for one
  turn
• Lever (coarse) 1 unit of display element
  movement per 3 units of lever movement

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Avoid

• Ambiguity
• Control and display panels facing each other, or
  widely separated
• Fixed-pointer moving-scale, unless necessary
• Time lag between action and response
• Parallax effects

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Visual Displays
(Excluding U/CI VDT)
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Warning/caution displays

• Visually prominent warnings and danger signals
• Flashing red
• 3-5 Hz, 50 duty cycle
• Use yellow for caution
• May flash or not
• 2 Hz, 70 duty cycle
• Text height 8.7-17.4 mrad

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Display illumination

• Readable in all ambient lighting
• Night vision capable when indicated
• Blackout capable
• Sufficient character/background contrast

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Display information

• Only necessary content
• Information remains on display long enough for
  detection
• Readable with user wearing NBC mask

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Avoid

• Redundancy
• Operation and maintenance information on same
  display
• Unrelated markings (trademark, mfr, etc.)

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Location and arrangement

• Follow general guidelines
• Maximum viewing distance 25 inches
• 30 inches o.k. with ejection seat
• Avoid
• Reflection and glare on display
• Vibration that degrades user performance
• Need for extra lighting to read display

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Display coding

• Objective
• Discrimination of common functions,
  relationships, critical information
• Preservation of conventional practices
• Accepted coding types
• Flash
• Color
• Size

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Coding example
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Transilluminated displays

• General visual display principles apply
• Special requirements for luminance levels
• Dimmer control
• Unaffected by ambient light or glare
• Lamp redundancy
• Legend lights preferable to simple indicator
  lights

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Mechanical displays

• Scale indicators should start at zero, unless
  special requirements
• Pointers No overlap over marks or numerals
• Numerals must remain upright on moving
  scale-fixed pointer display

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CRT displays

• Use when
• Multiple viewer positions
• High display brightness desired
• High mean time between failure
• High resolution
• Large color range
• Have specific luminance and contrast requirements

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Optical projection displays
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Other visual displays

• Examples
• Counters, printers, plotters and recorders,
  flags, LEDs, dot matrix, electroluminescence,
  LCDs
• Representational, stereoscopic, head up, helmet
  mounted displays
• Most follow general visual display guidelines.
• Some special requirements exist
• Example No red LEDs next to red warning lights.

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Use of color

• In absence of other guidelines
• Warm colors (red, yellow) response or action
• Cool colors (green, blue) background
  information
• Accommodate color-blindness
• In transilluminated displays
• Flashing red emergency situation
• Red malfunction, no-go
• Yellow caution
• Green ready, activated
• White system condition, alternative, function

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Large screen displays

• Appropriate for multiple viewers
• Characters at least 10 minutes of visual angle,
  20 min. preferred
• Character width should be 0.9 of character height
• Stroke width 1/6 to /18 character height.
• Off center viewing 10 degrees or less

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Special displays

• Head-up displays
• Compatible with human visual system
• Helmet mounted displays
• Compatible with visual system
• Physical factors
• Weight of helmet
• External helmet attachments

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EDO's Electronic Warfare (EW)Avionics Simulator
(AVSIM) Example AVSIM Running Flight Scenario
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Audio Displays
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Indications for audio displays

• Information is short, simple, requires immediate
  or time-based response
• Visual display is restricted or degraded
• Critical event warrants redundant input
• Alert operator to subsequent additional response
• Operator anticipates audio signal
• Voice communication is necessary or desirable.

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Audio signals

• Only one meaning per signal
• Frequency, intensity, pulse pattern should match
  urgency of situation.
• Manual override for non-critical signals
• System/equipment failure does not disable warning
  signals

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Specified signal characteristics

• Frequency
• Intensity
• Alerting capacity avoid startle reaction
• Discriminability
• Prohibited signals any that are similar to
  other sounds in the environment static, hisses,
  scrambled speech, random equipment noise, etc.

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And finally, a gruesome example of what can
happen when control/display integration and
warning signals do not meet requirements
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MIL-STD1472F 5.4-5.7

• Part II
• Mark Vachon

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Controls
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General Criteria

• Direction of movement
• Consistency of movement
• Operator orientation
• Grouping
• Controls operated together should be grouped
• Sequential
• Primary
• Consistent
• Follow minimum spacing guidelines
• Prevention of accidental actuation

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General Criteria (cont.) coding
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Types of Controls

• Listings for each type of control contain
• Usage
• Dimensions and shapes
• Displacement and resistance
• Size and color
• Coding
• Marking
• Visibility

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Types of Controls

• Foot controls
• Pedals, switches
• Used when great force is required or hands are
  occupied
• Not used when precision or balance is required,
  many separate controls
• Usable with boots, natural foot and leg movements

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Types of Controls

• Rotary controls
• Discrete adjustment
• Selector switches 3 positions
• Key switches security
• Thumbwheel series of numbers with readout
• Continuous adjustment
• Knobs precise adjustment of a continuous
  variable
• Thumbwheel alternative to knobs, compact
• Cranks many rotations, high rates or force
  required, also precision X-Y control

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Types of Controls
Types of Controls

• Linear Controls
• Discrete adjustment
• Push buttons momentary contact
• Keyboards
• Toggle and rocker switches 2 discrete control
  positions
• Slide switch 2 discrete position, arranged
• in a matrix
• Push-pull 2 discrete func., but should be
• used only in expected situations

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Types of Controls

• Linear Controls (cont.)
• Continuous adjustment
• Levers high forces, large displacement/
  multi-mensional control
• Joystick precision in 2 dimensions
• Mouse XY with associate follower

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Types of Controls

• High force controls
• Not to be used if exceeding the strength limits
  of 5th percentile of target population

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Labeling
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Labeling

• Must be used when
• Items need to be identified
• Follow procedures
• Avoid hazards
• Qualities
• Brief
• Familiar words
• Visible and legible
• Contrast with background

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Labeling

• Design
• Black on light background
• All capital letters
• Specified width and spacing of characters

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Physical Accommodation

• Design shall ensure accommodation, compatibility,
  operability and maintainability by the user
  population
• Having adequate reach, strength, and endurance to
  perform all physical tasks
• Clearance for movement
• Ingress/egress work area
• Visibility
• Fit of PPE

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Physical Accommodation

• User population joint service and foreign
  military personnel
• Design not to exclude more than 5 of men and
  women physical factors, 1 for hazards
• Anthropometric data
• Nature, frequency and safety of task
• Position of body during task
• Mobility or flexibility

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Workspace Design
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Workspace Design

• Non-office environment
• General requirements
• Kick space of 4
• Handles
• Floor space of 4 in front of each console
• Equipment racks between rows, 8 greater than
  the deepest drawers
• Adequate storage space

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Workspace Design

• Specifies Dimensions of the following
• Standing
• Seated
• Consoles
• Stairs, ladders, ramps
• Ingress and egress
• Hatches
• Tunnels and crawl spaces
• Specifies the colors of workspaces

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Workspace Design

• Standing
• Work surfaces 36 above floor
• Displays 41 to 70 above floor
• Seated
• 30 x 16 space
• Desks 29 to 31 high
• Chairs with adjustable
• Seat pan
• Backrest
• Armrests

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Console Design
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Console Design
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Stairs
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Stairs, Stair-Ladder, Fixed Ladder
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Ingress and Egress

• Sliding doors will not be only personnel exit
  from a compartment
• Open inward if door is into a corridor
• Swinging doors for two-way traffic will have a
  center door post

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MIL-STD1472F 5.8-5.14

• Part III
• John McKeel

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Environment(MIL STD 1472F, section 5.8.x)
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Environment Standards

• Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning
• Illuminance
• Acoustical noise
• Vibration
• Virtual environments

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Design for Maintainer(MIL STD 1472F, section
5.9.x)
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Design for Maintainer

• General
• Mounting of items within units
• Adjustment controls
• Accessibility
• Lubrication
• Case and cover mounting
• Cases
• Covers
• Access openings and covers
• Fasteners

• Unit design for efficient handling
• Mounting
• Conductors
• Connectors
• Test points
• Test equipment
• Failure indications and fuse requirements
• Printed circuit boards

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Design of Equipment for Remote Handling (MIL STD
1472F, section 5.10.x)
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Design of Equipment for Remote Handling

• Characteristics of equipment to be handled
  remotely
• Feedback
• Manipulator
• Viewing equipment
• Illumination

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Small Systems and Equipment (MIL STD 1472F,
section 5.11.x)
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Small Systems and Equipment

• Portability and load carrying
• Tracking
• Optical instruments and related equipment

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Operation and Maintenance of Ground / Shipboard
Vehicles (MIL STD 1472F, section 5.12.x)
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Operation and Maintenance of Ground / Shipboard
Vehicles

• Seating
• Controls
• Operational instructions
• Visibility
• Heating and ventilation
• Trailers, vans, and intervehicular connections
• Cranes, materials handling, and construction
• Automotive subsystems

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Hazards and Safety (MIL STD 1472F, section
5.13.x)
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Hazards and Safety

• Warning labels and placards
• Pipe, hose, and tube line identification
• General workspace hazards
• General equipment-related hazards
• Platforms
• Electrical, mechanical, fluid, toxic, and
  radiation hazards
• Trainers
• Stealth and covert operations

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User-Computer Interface (MIL STD 1472F, section
5.14.x)
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User-Computer Interface

• Data entry
• Data display
• Interactive control
• Feedback
• Prompts
• Default
• Error management/data protection
• System response time
• Other requirements
• Data and message transmission

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End of Presentation

• Louise Kreider
• Mark Vachon
• John McKeel