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Adulthood: Psychosocial Development

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'middle age' begins when the culture believes it does, rather than at a ... of unusual anxiety, radical reexamination, and sudden transformation that is ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Adulthood: Psychosocial Development


1
Part VII
Chapter Twenty-Two
  • Adulthood Psychosocial Development

Ages and Stages Intimacy Generativity
2
Adulthood Psychosocial Development
  • emotional reactions to events in adulthood are
    fluid
  • marriage, parenthood, divorce, and the empty
    nest, each sometimes joyous and sometimes not,
    are ages and stages of adult development

3
Ages and Stages
  • The Social Clock
  • refers to the idea that the stages of life, and
    the behaviors appropriate to them, are set by
    social standards rather than by biological
    maturation
  • middle age begins when the culture believes it
    does, rather than at a particular age in all
    cultures

4
Ages and Stages
  • Culture
  • the patterns of behavior that are passed from one
    generation to the next, groups have their own
    culturevalues, customs, clothes, dwellings,
    cuisine, assumptions--people are influenced by
    more than one culture
  • Cohort
  • people born within a few years of one
    another--these people are affected by the same
    values, events, technologies, culture
  • Socioeconomic Status (SES)
  • social class--more than money, occupation,
    education, place of residence--includes
    advantages and disadvantages

5
Ages and Stages
  • The Midlife Crisis
  • a period of unusual anxiety, radical
    reexamination, and sudden transformation that is
    widely associated with middle age
  • which actually has more to do with developmental
    history than with chronological age

6
Ages and Stages
  • Personality Throughout Adulthood
  • personality is a major source of continuity
  • provides coherence and identity
  • allows people to know themselves and be known

7
The Big Five Personality Traits
  • remain quite stable throughout adulthood
  • openness, conscientiousness, extroversion,
    agreeableness and neuroticism

8
Ages and Stages
  • Ecological Niche
  • the particular lifestyle and social context
    adults settle into that are compatible with their
    individual personality needs and interests

9
Ages and Stages
  • Culture and Personality
  • personality variations are more evident between
    one person and another in the same nation than
    between one nation and another

10
Ages and Stages
  • Gender Convergence
  • a tendency for men and women to become more
    similar as they move through middle age

11
Intimacy
  • intimacy needs are lifelong
  • adults meet their needs for social connection
    with relatives, friends, coworkers, and romantic
    partners
  • Social Convoy
  • collectively, the family members, friends,
    acquaintances, and even strangers who move
    through life with an individual

12
Intimacy
  • Friends
  • typically the most supportive members of the
    social convoy, because they are chosen
  • research study found that friendships tend to
    improve with age

13
Intimacy
  • Protection Against Stress
  • allostatic load
  • the total, combined burden, of stress and disease
    that an individual must cope with

14
Intimacy
  • Gender Differences
  • linked lives
  • the notion that family members tend to share all
    aspects of each others lives, from triumph to
    tragedy

15
Intimacy
  • Family Bonds
  • household
  • a group of people who live together in one
    dwelling and share its common spaces, such as
    kitchen and living room

16
Intimacy
  • A Developmental View
  • familism
  • the idea that family members should support one
    another because family unity is more important
    than individual freedom and success or failure

17
Intimacy
  • Adult Siblings
  • fictive kin
  • a term used to describe someone who becomes
    accepted as part of a family to whom he or she
    has no blood relationship

18
Intimacy
  • Marriage
  • a public commitment to one long-term sexual
    partner
  • adults seek committed sexual partnerships to help
    meet their needs for intimacy, to raise children,
    share resources, and provide care

19
Intimacy
  • Marriage and Happiness
  • from a developmental perspective, marriage is
    useful
  • adults thrive if another person is committed to
    caring for them married people are a littler
    happier, healthier and richer than unmarried
    people

20
Intimacy
  • Long-Term Marriage
  • long-term quality of a marriage relationship is
    affected by family relationships in childhood
  • empty nest
  • a time in the lives of parents when their grown
    children leave the family home to pursue their
    own lives

21
Intimacy
  • Homosexual Partners
  • everything that applies to heterosexual partners
    applies to homosexual partners who make a
    commitment to each other

22
Intimacy
  • Divorce
  • marriages never ends in a vacuumthey are
    influenced by the social and political context
  • Divorce Rates
  • the power of the social context is evident in
    variations in divorce rates
  • Over the Years, Divorce and Remarriage
  • divorce is most likely to occur within the first
    five years
  • for long-term marriages, divorce is less likely
    but more devastating when it happens

23
Generativity
  • Generativity versus Stagnation
  • when adults seek to be productive in a caring
    way, usually through work or parenthood (Erikson)
  • generativity comes with maturityage is not a
    necessary marker

24
Generativity
  • Caregiving
  • Erikson wrote, a mature adult needs to be
    needed
  • some caregiving is physical, but much is
    psychological
  • kinkeeper
  • the person who takes primary responsibility for
    celebrating family achievements, gathering the
    family together, and keeping in touch with family
    members who do not live nearby

25
Generativity
  • Caring for Children
  • bearing and raising children is labor intensive
  • the insistence on dramatizing the dependence of
    children on adults often blinds us to the
    dependence of the older generation on the young
    one

26
Generativity
  • Many paths to parenthood
  • a parental alliance assumes two cooperating
    parents
  • children can develop well in any family
  • 1/3 of North American adults become stepparents,
    adoptive parents, or foster parents at some point
    in their lives
  • the social construction about real parents is
    misleading

27
Generativity
  • sandwich generation
  • a term for the generation of middle-aged people
    who are supposedly squeezed by the needs of the
    younger and older generations
  • some adults do feel pressured by these
    obligations, but most are not burdened by them,
    either because they enjoy fulfilling them or
    because they choose to take on only some of them,
    or none

28
Generativity
  • Employment
  • Extrinsic rewards of work
  • the tangible rewards, usually in the form of
    compensation, that one receives for a job
  • Intrinsic rewards of work
  • the intangible benefits one receives from a job
    that come from within oneself

29
Generativity
  • Human Needs
  • it is crucial to learn how new work conditions
    support developmentin the functions of family
    caregiving, personal creativity, satisfaction,
    and esteem and mentoring of other workers

30
Generativity
  • Diversity
  • benefit of modern economy is increased diversity
  • more employed women and minority groups
  • higher employment rates have helped with those
    once shut out
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