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Antoni Montserrat, Eurostat E3May 20031

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Title: Antoni Montserrat, Eurostat E3May 20031


1
  • Disability Trends and social participation in the
    European Union
  • Eurostat
  • Unit E-3 Education, Health and Culture
  • Luxembourg

2
Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union
  • The European Statistical System (ESS) all the
    government bodies which, at the various levels -
    regional, national and Community - are
    responsible for drawing up, processing and
    disseminating the statistical information needed
    for the economic and social life of the
    Community.
  • The ESS is being developed according to the
    principles of subsidiarity, partnership, transfer
    of competence and consultation.
  • Tools The Statistical Programme Committee (SPC),
    the various committees, working groups and task
    forces organised by Eurostat Steering
    Committee on Statistical Information (CDIS)
    European Advisory Committee on Statistical
    Information in the Economic and Social Spheres
    (CEIES)
  • Council Regulation on Community Statistics (EC No
    322/97 of 17 February 1997) was prepared with a
    view to defining the rights and duties in the
    sphere of Community statistics. This is also
    known as the Community Statistical Law.

3
Sources for disability data
  • You cannot compare what is not comparable
  • To compare and to analyse national data,
    unavoidable steps
  • To inventoriate national sources (e.g. Eurostats
    database of European Health Interview and Health
    Examination Surveys (2001) and OECD inventory)
  • To harmonise data and metada
  • To create methods of conversion
    (post-harmonisation) when possible
  • To use European surveys (or modules) when
    possible

4
Sources for disability data at EU and EEA level
  • (1) Analysis of data on disability from national
    health surveys in the EU (The HIS 18 items
    project)
  • (2) The ECHP (European Community Household Panel)
  • (3) The Labour Force Survey
  • (4) The Eurobarometer
  • (5) Administrative registers related to the
    social protection schemes

5
(1) Analysis of data on disability from national
health surveys in the EU
  • Many EU countries perform regular health
    interview surveys that contain indicators of
    disability. In many instances, the questions
    measuring these indicators are reasonably
    similar, but data and results from these surveys
    do not seem comparable without some form of
    post-harmonization.
  • The following three disability indicators were
    examined Self-perceived health, Long-standing
    illness/chronic conditions, Long-standing
    activity limitations. While not all are
    indicators of disability on the strict sense, for
    methodological reasons it is important to include
    other health-related indicators. In order to
    evaluate the comparability of disability
    indicators, it is necessary to first determine
    the dimensionality of the data, i.e. the
    psychometric properties of self-reported items.

6
(1) Analysis of data on disability from national
health surveys in the EU
  • Response Conversion (RC) was developed within the
    framework of the Health Monitoring Program (HMP)
    of the European Commission, and its introduction
    as a routine tool is currently being considered.
    Conversion techniques are rather new and have
    great potential for overcoming problems in
    incomparability of outcomes of data based on
    different classifications and/or scalings
    (questions) many times reflecting cultural
    differences. Response conversion (RC) is a novel
    statistical technique that assists in comparing
    data in several circumstances
  • 1. items on the same topic having different
    formulations
  • 2. new items replacing old ones, thereby causing
    a trend gap
  • 3. items with identical formulations but subject
    to cultural response biases.

7
(1) Analysis of data on disability from national
health surveys in the EU
8
(2) The ECHP (European Community Household Panel)
  • The ECHP is a longitudinal, multi-subject survey
    covering many aspects of daily life, particularly
    employment and income, but also demographic
    characteristics, the environment, education and
    health (i) simultaneous coverage of numerous
    dimensions, (ii) a standardised methodology
    producing comparable information for the Member
    States of the European Union, and (iii) a
    longitudinal or "panel" design
  • The ECHP sample covers some 60 000 households
    comprising 130 000 adults aged 16 or over.
  • Period 1994-2002. The ECHP contains several
    questions on health, including questions on
    restrictions on everyday activities caused by a
    health problem and difficulties in daily life.

9
(2) The ECHP (European Community Household Panel)
  • The reference questions are
  • Q158 Do you have any chronic physical or mental
    health problem, illness or disability?
  • Q159 Are you hampered in your daily activities
    by this chronic physical or mental health
    problem, illness or disability? Yes, severely /
    Yes, to some extent / No

10
(3) The Labour Force Survey
  • The Labour Force Survey (LFS) was established
    under Council Regulation 3711/91/EEC, of 16
    December 1991. Since 1995 it has covered 15
    Member States and 700 000 private households. The
    concepts and definitions have been
    internationally agreed. The degree of
    comparability among Member States is considerably
    higher than that of any other set of statistics
    on un/employment.
  • A LFS is an inquiry directed to households,
    designed to obtain information on the labour
    market and related issues by means of personal
    interviews. As it would clearly involve
    considerable expense to include all households
    (as in population censuses) labour force surveys
    are usually confined to a sample of households,
    the actual size of which depends primarily on the
    level of detail required in the survey estimates.

11
(3) The Labour Force Survey
  • Disability variable construction on current LFS
  • variable working status,which has three outcomes
    (inactive, employed, and unemployed).
  • Inactive due to own illness or disability was
    based on the Eurostat variable seeking employment
    during previous four weeks.
  • If the respondent answered that he/she was not
    seeking work due to own illness or disability,
    the person was defined as disabled. Two
    additional response categories include seeking
    employment and not seeking employment due to
    other reasons.

12
(3) The Labour Force Survey
  • Specification of the 2002 LFS ad hoc moduleon
    employment of disabled people
  • The ongoing review of the International
    Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and
    Handicaps (ICIDH2) defines disability as activity
    limitations in performing daily tasks, which
    include working, and such activities may be
    limited in their nature, duration and quality. In
    this context the module on disability focuses on
    restriction of activities rather than functional
    limitations.

13
(3) The Labour Force Survey
  • Type of health problem or disability (Code main
    problem)
  • 1. Problems with arms or hands (which includes
    arthritis or rheumatism).
  • 2. Problems with legs or feet (which includes
    arthritis or rheumatism)
  • 3. Problems with back or neck (which includes
    arthritis or rheumatism).
  • 4 Difficulty in seeing (with glasses or contact
    lenses if worn).
  • 5. Difficulties in hearing (with hearing aids or
    grommets, if used.
  • 6. Speech impediment.
  • 7. Skin conditions, including severe
    disfigurement, allergies.
  • 8. Chest or breathing problems, includes asthma
    and bronchitis.
  • 9. Heart, blood pressure or circulation problems.
  • 10. Stomach, liver, kidney or digestive problems.
  • 11. Diabetes.
  • 12. Epilepsy (include fits)
  • 13. Mental, nervous or emotional problems
  • 14 Other progressive illnesses (which include
    cancers NOS, MS, HIV, Parkinsons disease)

14
(No Transcript)
15
(4) The Eurobarometer Survey
  • Twice a year the European Commission conducts the
    Eurobarometer survey in order to gather
    information on the attitudes of the population
    towards EU and its policy.
  • Each year additional questions about specific
    subjects are appended to the questionnaire.
  • A two- stage sampling method is used. In the
    first stage a random selection of sampling points
    within each region is made in such a way that
    urban and rural areas are represented
    proportionally. This selection results in 1 350
    sampling points. In the second stage interviews
    are distributed in this sampling points
  • Because quota sampling dominated, non-response
    figures are not available.
  • People who are rarely at home are less
    represented in the sample but the interview
    sample can be considered as representative for
    the category of average citizens who are
    accessible at home and who agree to be
    interviewed.

16
(4) The Eurobarometer Survey
  • 2 waves/year, Winter 2003 is wave 59
  • Sample 1 000 per 15 MS, (D2 000, L600, UK1
    300) EU16 000
  • ages gt15
  • 95 confidence limits (estimates)
  • N 1000 250 16000
  • 50 3.1 6.2 0.8
  • 40 or 60 3.0 6.0 0.8
  • 30 or 70 2.7 5.4 0.7
  • 20 or 80 2.5 5.0 0.6
  • 10 or 90 1.9 3.8 0.5
  • 3 or 97 1.0 2.0 0.3

17
(5) Administrative registers related to the
social protection schemes
  • Social protection encompasses all interventions
    from public or private bodies intended to relieve
    households and individuals of the burden of a
    defined set of risks or needs, provided that
    there is neither a simultaneous reciprocal nor
    an individual arrangement involved.
  • The data on social protection expenditure and
    receipts for Member states of the EU are
    presented by Eurostat according to the European
    system of integrated social protection statistics
    (ESSPROS).
  • This harmonised system provides a means to
    analyse and to compare the relevant financial
    flows.
  • Expenditure on social protection schemes social
    benefits, administration costs, transfers to
    other schemes and other expenditure.
  • Social benefits consist of transfers, in cash or
    in kind, by social protection schemes, to
    households or individuals to relieve them of the
    burden of risks or needs.
  • Social benefits are classified by function (such
    as the disability function),

18
(5) Administrative registers related to the
social protection schemes
  • Disability function in ESSPROS is defined as
  • Income maintenance and support in cash or kind
    (except health care) in connection of the
    inability of physically or mentally disabled
    people to engage in economic and social activity

19
(5) Administrative registers related to the
social protection schemes
20
(5) Administrative registers related to the
social protection schemes
  • Benefits in kind (disability)
  • Accommodation provision of lodging and possibly
    board to disabled people in appropriate
    establishments.
  • Assistance in carrying out daily tasks practical
    help provided to disabled people to assist them
    with daily tasks. Home help is included in this
    category, as well as the payment of an allowance
    to the person who looks after the disabled
    person.
  • Rehabilitation provision of specific goods and
    services (other than medical care) and vocational
    training to further the occupational and social
    rehabilitation of disabled people. These services
    may be provided in specialised institutions.
    Goods and services may be provided by an
    employer, but if they are mainly to service the
    production process of the enterprise, they should
    not be included. Medical rehabilitation - such as
    physiotherapy - is included in the
    Sickness/health care function.
  • Other benefits in kind miscellaneous services
    and goods provided to disabled people to enable
    them to participate in leisure and cultural
    activities, or to travel and/or to participate in
    community life, including reduced prices,
    tariffs, fares, and so on granted to disabled
    people expressly for social protection reasons.

21
Disability Trends Percentage of the population
reporting disability in EU (source ECHP 1999)
22
Percentage of the population reporting severe and
moderate disability in 14 EU countries, age group
16 - 64, 1999
23

Percentage of the population reporting severe and
moderate disability in 14 EU countries, age group
16 - 64, 1999 - Men
24
Percentage of the population reporting severe and
moderate disability in 14 EU countries, age group
16 - 64, 1999 - Women
25
Age specific percentages of reporting disability,
all levels combined, in the 14 EU countries, age
group 16 - 64, 1999
26
Age structure of the populations reporting
severe, moderate and no disability, EU-14, 1999
27
Probability of having achieved the third level of
education or less than the second level of
education as highest level for the population
with severe, moderate and no disability, ages 16
- 64, EU-14,1999
28
Distribution of the population with severe,
moderate and no disability according to activity
status, age groups 16 - 64 and 25 - 59, EU-14,
1999
29
Relative probability of being in work for those
with moderate or no disability compared to those
with a severe disability (base 1), by sex, age
groups 16 - 64 and 25 - 59, EU-14, 1999
30
Percentage in work and inactive of the
populations with severe, moderate and no
disability, by age , EU-14, 1999
31
Main reason for not seeking work for those
inactive among the populations with severe,
moderate and no disability, EU-14, age 16 - 64,
1999
32
Percentage of persons who work less than 15
hours per week, between 15 and 30 hours per week,
and more than 30 hours per week (when working) in
the populations with severe, moderate and no
disability, by sex, EU-14, age 16 - 64, 1999
33
Distribution of the populations with severe,
moderate and no disability (and in work)
according to sectors of activity, age 16 - 64,
EU-14, 1999
34
Source of income of the populations with severe,
moderate and no disability at working age (16 -
64 years), EU-14, 1999
35
Percentage of those receiving sickness or
disability benefits among the population groups
with severe, moderate and no disability at
working age (16 - 64 years), by country
(confidential information in Germany), 1999
36
Percentage of those satisfied with their main
activity among the population groups with severe,
moderate and no disability, age 16 - 64, EU-14,
1999
37
Own perception of health in the populations with
severe, moderate and no disability, EU-14, 1999
38
The Labour Force Survey
39
The Labour Force Survey
40
Eurobarometer survey Persons suffering chronic
ilness, 2002
41
Eurobarometer survey Income related incidence of
chronic ilness
42
Eurobarometer survey limitations in daily life,
2002
43
The Eurobarometer 54.2 survey, asked participants
about their attitudes towards disability in 2001
  • Close to six Europeans out of ten know someone,
    in close or more distant circles, who is affected
    by a long lasting illness, disability or
    invalidity. More than 5 of EU citizens consider
    themselves as a disabled person.
  • 76 of EU15 respondents think that the access
    for blind people to basic public equipment and
    events is difficult.
  • 73 believe that it is too difficult for
    intellectually disabled people, 71 for the
    physically disabled, and 54 for deaf people.
    However 57 of respondents consider that the
    access to public spaces for people with
    disabilities has been improving in the course of
    the last 10 years.
  • 66 of EU15 respondents consider that local
    authorities are the ones truly responsible for
    improving access to public spaces for people with
    disabilities. 55 think that it is the
    government, 30 employers companies and 28
    voluntary or charitable organisations. The
    European Union comes in 5th position with 16.
  • 97 of EU15 respondents think that something
    should be done to ensure a better integration of
    people with disabilities into society. 93
    express the desire to dedicate more money to the
    removal of physical barriers that complicate the
    life of people with disabilities.

44
The Eurobarometer 54.2 survey, asked
participants about their attitudes towards
disability in 2001 Percentage knowing somebody
with a a long lasting illness, disability or
invalidity
45
The Eurobarometer 54.2 survey, asked
participants about their attitudes towards
disability in 2001 access to public spaces
Average (1 'not at all difficult', 2 'not very
difficult', 3 'fairly difficult', 4 'very
difficult')
46
Attitudes of Europeans towards disability
knowledge of Europeans regarding disabilities,
EU-15, 2001
47
ESPROSS Expenditure (social protection) in
disability functions (Euro per inhabitant, 1995
constant prices), 2000
48
An international effort to improve quality on
disability statistics
  • United Nations Washington City Group on
    Disability Statistics
  • (www.cdc.gov/nchs/citygroup.htm)
  • As a result of the United Nations International
    Seminar on Measurement of Disability (New York,
    June 2001) it was recognized that statistical and
    methodological work is needed at an international
    level in order to facilitate comparison of
    disability data crossnationally. For this reason
    the UN Statistics Division authorized the
    formation of a City Group.
  • Next Meeting of the Washington City Group in
    Europe in the fall of 2003, in recognition of the
    European Year of People with Disabilities.
  • This meeting has the following objectives

49
An international effort to improve quality on
disability statistics
  • to complete the matrix linking various purposes
    of disability measurement with question
    characteristics evaluation of measures currently
    in use and test results
  • to explore and discuss the sets of measures
    related to the general measures with special
    attention for activity (limitations) vs.
    participation (restrictions) and environmental
    factors (ICF terms and concepts)
  • to discuss the methodological areas like special
    populations (e.g. mental health problems) and use
    of administrative data (alone or in conjunction
    with census/survey data).
  • European Disability Measurement (EDM) project
    (www.tno.nl)

50
Thank youkæra þökk!
  • Eurostat
  • http//europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/
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