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A Career in Pharmacy: a new approach to measuring the motivations of pharmacy students'

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Title: A Career in Pharmacy: a new approach to measuring the motivations of pharmacy students'


1
A Career in Pharmacy a new approach to measuring
the motivations of pharmacy students.
  • ASTON PHARMACY SCHOOL
  • Keith Wilson, Chris Langley, and Katie Hatfield.
  • ASTON BUSINESS SCHOOL
  • Jill Jesson
  • ASTON UNIVERSITY,
  • BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAN

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The project
  • Funded by the Pharmacy Practice Research Trust,
    Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
  • Carried out during 2004/2005.
  • Aim
  • To establish a baseline of the career
    aspirations, motivations and expectations of
    students within undergraduate pharmacy education
    in the UK.

6
CONTEXT The Rapidly Changing Nature of UK
Pharmacy
  • Modernisation and new roles prescribing and
    medication review, clinical services.
  • Regulatory changes technician registration new
    roles for the wider pharmacy workforce.
  • Continued commercialisation the move to
    corporate pharmacy.
  • Fit for the Future the educational debate
    within pharmacy.

7
Pluralist methodology design
  • A review of statistics on pharmacy entry in the
    UK from the Universities and Colleges Admissions
    Service (UCAS).
  • A survey of all students on the first and final
    years of UK pharmacy degree programmes by
    self-completion questionnaire.

8
Some Definitions
  • Motivation the reason for a certain course of
    action whether conscious or unconscious.
  • Career a profession or occupation chosen as
    ones life work. Not just a job.
  • Many metaphors around concept of career career
    path as a metaphor for journey, career
    commitment for career as role. An
    epistemological ragbag Inkson.

9
Career Choice
  • Rational Choice Theory selection of the option
    with the highest utility.
  • Human Capital Theory a dimension of rational
    choice based on economic advantage to the
    individual.
  • Bounded Rationality constraints such as family,
    friends, imperfect information.
  • Work-life Balance.
  • Preference Theory (Hakim).

10
Preference Theory
  • Offers an explanation for the position of women
    in the labour market.
  • Argues that main determinant of womens
    heterogeneous employment patterns is their
    preference for family work and paid employment.
  • One of the factors that may bound rational choice
    for women.

11
Survey of MPharm Students
  • 1163 completed questionnaires were received from
    a sample of 3306 first and final year students in
    13 schools of pharmacy a return rate of 35.2.
  • To avoid complexity we divided the influences
    into three themes
  • education related (8)
  • personal influences (6)
  • personal career goals (15)

12
Survey questionsan example
13
Education Related Influences
1st year
4th year
40
30
20
10
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
importance
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Statement
Importance of education related reasons why
people choose to study pharmacy. Results are
shown as the difference between the of
respondents who rated as important and the who
rated as not-important.
14
Personal Influences
1st year
4th year
30
20
10
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
-10
importance
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Statement
Importance of personal reasons why people choose
to study pharmacy. Results are shown as the
difference between the of respondents who rated
as important and the who rated as not-important.
15
Career Related Influences
Science
Career
4th year
1st year
100
80
60
importance
40
20
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
I
j
k
l
m
n
o
-20
-40
Statement
Career aspects as influences on decision to study
pharmacy. Results are shown as the difference
between the of respondents who rated as
important and the who rated as not-important.
16
Key results - Extrinsic factors
  • Students were most influenced by
  • The university marketing,
  • The university prospectus and
  • The open day visit.
  • The study confirms many previous reports on the
    importance of parents in the choice of career
    study. This was one of only two personal factors
    that showed a net influence upon student choice.

17
Work Experience
  • The strongest pharmacy related extrinsic
    influence on motivation in this section.
  • But limited is there a need for more employer
    opportunities prior to application?

18
Needs more researchon what this means?
  • The professional body for pharmacy (RPSGB) was a
    very weak influence upon students decision to
    study pharmacy and therefore upon the nature of
    the pharmacy applicant pool.

19
Key results - Intrinsic factors
  • Intrinsic factors were the most important
    influences upon the decision to study pharmacy.
  • They are related to students own attributes -
    liking for science, ability in science.
  • And - in the what I want for myself category
    good career opportunities, employment, well
    respected profession, medical related profession.

20
Career InfluencesGender Differences
All plt0.01
Career aspects as influences on decision to study
pharmacy. Results are shown as the difference
between the of respondents who rated as
important and the who rated as not-important.
21
Gender Differences
  • Evidence of bounding of rational choice.
  • Females are more socially oriented and thinking
    ahead to the work life balance they want to make.
  • Males are interested in opportunities for
    independence, through ownership or self
    employment.

22
How strong would you say your desire to study
pharmacy was when you started at pharmacy school
23
How strong would you say your desire to study be
a pharmacist was when you started at pharmacy
school
24
Conclusions 1
  • The decision to study pharmacy is a complex
    cognitive process over time.
  • This study has tested all previously used
    motivation statements.
  • Intrinsic influencers were perceived to be the
    most important
  • A liking and aptitude for science.
  • Personal aspirations for a good career
    (employment, opportunities, respect).
  • This fits with rational choice theory although
    gender differences indicate that rational choice
    is bounded.

25
Conclusions 2
  • Only 3 extrinsic influencers were perceived of
    importance parental advice, university
    information and contacts and work-experience.
  • Universitys are an important influence in the
    decision to study pharmacy and bound rational
    choice.
  • Although around 50 of students described
    themselves as very committed to pharmacy, the
    importance placed on career outcomes could mean
    that future recruitment will be highly sensitive
    to market forces.

26
Aston University Birmingham, England
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