Nanotechnology Based Cancer Treatments

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Nanotechnology Based Cancer Treatments

• Sarah Caley
• University of Washington

2
Applications

• Nanotechnology has a huge breadth of
  applications, encompassing
• Detecting
• Targeting
• Imaging

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Field Effect Transistors

• Picture From Institute of Chemistry
  http//chem.ch.huji.ac.il/

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Some Bio Stuff Antibodies and Antigens
Bio pictures courtesy of Principles of
Biochemistry
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Antigens Attach to Antibodies
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Antibodies Change Shape When They Bind with
Antigens
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Detecting Nano-MOSFET

• Metal Oxide Semiconducting Field Effect
  Transistor
• Detects protein markers in concentrations of .025
  pg/mL
• Capacitance can be as small as 1/10 pf
• Cancer cells make different proteins which bind
  with the antibodies
• 1 volt changes can be made with small amounts of
  charge

Picture from Wolfgang Pauli Institute
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0.025 pg/mL
Estimate h 10ft / floor plus some, 70
feet Base 30ft Volume 2,333m3 Convert to
Liters 1m3 1,000 L Volume 2,333,000
Liters Concentration .025pg/mL .025ng/L Mass
in the physics tower .06 mg
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Some Physics

• MOSFETs are used because they have very high
  input impedence
• Small amounts of charge can create large voltage
  drops across the gate
• C Q/V
• Voltage needed 1V
• High performance MOSFETs have capacitances of
  0.1pF
• So, only 0.1 pC of charge are needed
• Amount of current that flows is based on whatever
  rail voltage you set up, and the voltage at the
  gate.
• Gate voltage controls the resistance between the
  source and the drain

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Targeting

• Nanoparticles can be engineered to do a variety
  of specific tasks
• On the inside payloads of up to 2000 siRNA
  molecules for a 70nm diameter particle.
• siRNA small interfering RNA, it binds to an RNA
  molecule so it is no longer effective, stops a
  protein from being made
• DNA -gt RNA -gt Protein

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Specifics of the Nano-particle

• Targeted drugs can be delivered in higher
  concentrations
• LHRH peptide which bonds to the surface of
  cancer cells. A peptide is a short protein (lt20
  amino acids)
• Northeastern University hollow polymer nanotubes
  with payloads of Taxol (anti-cancer drug) react
  with the lower pH of tumors and disburse their
  payloads.

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Imaging Quantum Dots

• onion-like Layers
• Cadmium-tellerium core
• Cadmium selenium layer
• Organic shell water soluble
• Absorb and emit infrared light
• Tumors grow quickly
• The blood vessels surrounding them are more
  porous
• Quantum Dots can be engineered to collect in
  different types of cancer, or the lymph nodes
• Problem often made with cadmium selenide or
  arsenic, both of which are toxic
• Work near the skins surface

Quantum dots in a rat shown over a period of 48
hours
Picture from Penn State
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MRI Contrast Agents

• Brain tumor imaging
• Particles that fluoresce both during imaging and
  during the operation
• Cy5.5CLIO
• Polyethylene glycol-coated hexadecylcyanoacrylate
  nanospheres
• Concentration 11 times higher in the tumor than
  in surrounding tissue

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Gene Therapy

• Nano-particles can be built to replace the DNA in
  cancerous cells with healthy DNA
• Currently, this is done with viruses
• Viruses are more expensive, but more effective

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Thermal Ablation

• Gold particles are used
• Gold is safe in the body
• Gold particles are injected into the tumor and
  then irradiated, heating them, and cooking the
  tumor
• Pro easily targeted to just the tumor
• Con Diffusional Instability
• Research Rice University Jennifer West and
  Naomi Halas

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Conclusion

• Nanotechnology is very promising
• Most treatments are in the animal trial phase
• FDA regulations pose problems because many of the
  treatments fit into multiple categories

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The End