Rise of the West

1
Rise of the West

• 1750-1914

2
At the beginning

• Rapid population growth
• Expansion of manufacturing
• New inventions
• First global conflict the French and Indian War
  (1754-1763)

3
By the end

• World War I
• Revolution in Russia, China, etc.
• Japanese expansion
• Chinas transformation
• Colonial revolt

4
Why the West?

• Read and assess the validity of the arguments for
  the rise of the West contained in the article.
• Make sure you understand what the arguments are.
• Use concrete details to support your answer.
  This should be a page. (Use paragraphs.)
• Be ready to discuss when youre finished!

5
What are some of the themes present?

• Industrialization
• Political upheaval
• Expansion of Western civilizations (US and
  Australia)

6
Some of the changes

• From monarchies to parliaments and congresses
• Arrival of new states/nations
• Agricultural society to industrial
• Massive urban growth
• Nation states lead to alliances, and lots of them

7
Adam Smith

• Economist and Philosopher wrote Wealth of
  Nations
• 1723 - 1790
• Virtue is more to be feared than vice, because
  its excesses are not subject to the regulation of
  conscience.
• "the invisible handself-interest guides the
  most efficient use of resources in a nation's
  economy, with public welfare coming as a
  by-product.
• laissez-fairea doctrine opposing governmental
  interference in economic affairs beyond the
  minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace
  and property rights
• state and personal efforts, to promote social
  good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market
  forces.

8
The Enlightenment

• 18th and early 19th centuries ideas carry beyond
• A challenge to regimes that failed to change
• Use science to explore nature and to question
  what they had always accepted without
  questioning.
• Participate in government and to rethink old
  ideas like feudalism and primogeniture?monarchy
  should be responsible for the people
• Freedom and equality
• Ideas of equality are not extended to women,
  peasants, laborers, slaves, non-whites (but they
  try!)

9
Enlightenment philosophers

• Locke
• English
• People can learn everything through senses
• Contractual government
• Power of government came from people, not the
  divine right of kings
• Its possible to stage revolution to overthrow
  tyrants

10
Enlightenment Philosophers

• Voltaire
• Philosophe (French Enlightenment
  philosophers)?world of rationality, human
  knowledge systematic thought could serve as
  tools for finding order in the universe for
  solving problems in political economic life
• crush the infamy of superstition, intolerance,
  the power of the clergy
• Preferred benevolent enlightened despotism
  (Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine II of Russia,
  or Joseph II of Austria)?disciplined behavior,
  subject to the law of nature

11
Revolutions

• America
• France
• Haiti
• Mexico
• Russia
• China

• Well do more in-depth studies!

12
Enlightenment, Revolution, and Women

• Enlightenment ideals women
• Call for equality not generally extended to women
• Women used logic of Locke to argue for womens
  rights
• Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family
• Mary Wollstonecraft women possessed same natural
  rights as men A Vindication of the Rights of
  Women
• Olympe de Gouge--Declaration of the Rights of
  Women

13
Enlightenment, Revolution, and Women

• Women crucial to revolutionary activities
• French revolution granted women rights of
  education and property, not the vote
• Olympe de Gougess declaration of full
  citizenship for women too radical
• Women made no significant gains in other
  Enlightenment revolutions
• Womens right movements gained ground in the 19th
  C in US and Europe

14
Nationalism and Nations

• Cultural nationalism an expression of national
  identity
• Common historical experience
• Folk culture and lit to illustrate national
  spirit (Grimms Fairy Tales)
• Political nationalism more intense in the 19th C
• Demanded loyalty solidarity from members of the
  national group
• Minorities sought independence as a national
  community
• Zionism Jewish nationalism as a response to
  widespread European anti-Semitism
• Movement founded by Theodor Herzi to create a
  Jewish state in Palestine
• Jewish state of Israel not created until 1948

15
Emergence of National Communities

• Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
• Conservative leaders determined to restore old
  order after defeat of Napoleon
• Succeeded in maintaining balance of power in
  Europe for a century
• Failed in repressing nationalist revolutionary
  ideas
• Nationalist rebellions throughout the 19th C
• Greek rebels overcome Ottoman rule in 1827
• 1830 and 1848, rebellions in France, Spain,
  Portugal, and German states
• Conservative government usually restored
  afterward but ideals persisted

16
Unification of Italy Germany

• Cavour Garibaldi united Italy by 1870
• Mazzinis Young Italy inspired uprisings against
  foreign rule in Italy
• Cavour led nationalists expelled Austrian
  authorities in northern Italy, 1859
• Garibaldi controlled southern Italy, returned it
  to King Vittore Emmanuele, 1860
• Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismark
  (1815-1898) created a unified Germany
• In Germany, nationalist rebellion was repressed
  in 1848
• Bismark provoked 3 wars that swelled German pride
• 1871, Prussian king proclaimed emperor of the
  Second Reich