Finnish Defence Forces CIS Centre

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Finnish Defence Forces CIS Centre
Military Applications of Software Defined Radios
LtCdr GS Topi TUUKKANEN Finnish Defence Forces
CIS Centre Development Division E-mail
topi.tuukkanen_at_mil.fi
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Software Defined Radio Implemenation
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SDR in ISO / OSI layer architecture
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SDR Generations
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Example SDR Generations
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SCA Based Software Architecture

• Profound understanding of SCA architecture and
  its implementations is seen essential for SCA
  compatible waveform development

Implementation and Integration 1. SCA Device
interfaces down to chip level - Executable
Devices GPPs (Nallatech SBC x86s, Spectrum
Signal Processing PowerPCs, PCs) - Loadable
Devices FPGAs (Nallatech BenEra/BenPRO/BenADDA,
Spectrum PRO-3100/PRO-3500, Elektrobit System
Clock and Beamforming) 2. SCA Device Managers
down to board level. 3. SCA DomainManager,
FileService, LogService, XMLService, Naming
Service, Event Service and OE GUI.
FINLAND ACTIVELY SUPPORTS ACTIVITIES TO
STANDARDIZE SCA ARCHITECTURE AS AN OPEN STANDARD
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SDR Pros and Cons
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SDR Commercial vs Military Domains
MILITARY DOMAIN USER C4ISR SIGNALS
CORPS LOGISTICS
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SDRs in Commercial Applications
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SDR Technologies Development
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SDR Applications Development
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SDR Hype Cycle
SCA ver 2.2
MM3xR

• Remaining technology limitations
• AD/DA conversion
• Power consumption
• Linear amplification
• Broadband antennas
• SW reload time

Various demonstrations
JTRS Launch
PUSHING TECHNOLOGY ENVELOPE
VISIBILITY
JTRS Re-organisation and Re-targeting
Coalition waveform implementation
SpeakEasy
Euro-SDR Proto ?
DSPs, FPGAs
Early 1990s
2015
2000
2005
2010
Technology Trigger
Through of Dissillusionment
Plateau of Productivity
Peak of Inflated Expectations
Slope of Enlightenment
MATURITY
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Definition Military Applications of Software
Defined Radios

• Functions and procedures as well as technical
  solutions and devices
• to deny adversary the use of electromagnetic
  spectrum,
• to defend one's own use of electromagnetic
  spectrum and
• to use electromagnetic spectrum
• by the use of software defined radio technology.

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MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF SDR
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Military Applications of Software Defined Radios
RADIATION UTILISATION VIEW
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Military Applications of Software Defined Radios
RADIATION UTILISATION VIEW
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RECEIVE ONLY

• Interception
• Detection
• Direction Finding
• SIGINT, ELINT, COMINT
• wide band spectral analysis
• spectral monitoring with multi-channel direction
  finding
• channelized receivers with beam forming
• ELECTRONIC SUPPORT MEASURES
• See e.g. http//www.spectrumsignal.com/application
  s/ew.asp

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APPLICATION EXAMPLE Spectral Monitoring with
Multi-Channel Direction Finding
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Military Applications of Software Defined Radios
RADIATION UTILISATION VIEW
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SEND ONLY
See e.g. http//www.spectrumsignal.com/publication
s/Electronic_Counter_Measures.pdf

• JAMMING
• ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES

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Military Applications of Software Defined Radios
RADIATION UTILISATION VIEW
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SEND/RECEIVE
See e.g. http//www.spectrumsignal.com/application
s/radar_sonar.asp

• IMMEDIATE REFLECTED
• -gtMultimode Radar
• -gtPhased Array Radar
• -gtSonar !

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Military Applications of Software Defined Radios
RADIATION UTILISATION VIEW
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SEND/RECEIVE

• DELAY, LOGICAL INTERCONNECTION
• RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
• RFID
• IFF and AIS
• POSITIONING SERVICES

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SDR Spectrum Utilisation
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APPLICATION EXAMPLE SDR Satcom terminal
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APPLICATION EXAMPLE SDR Radio Communication
SystemFinnish Software Radio Demonstrator
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APPLICATION EXAMPLE RFID

• an espionage tool for the Soviet 1945
• technology used in RFID has been around since the
  early 1920s
• similar technology, the IFF transponder, invented
  by the British in 1939, used by the allies in
  World War II to identify airplanes as friend or
  foe.
• Stockman, Harry "Communication by Means of
  Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp
  11961204, October 1948)
• RFID tags can be either passive, semi-passive
  (also known as semi-active), or active.
• Passive no internal power supply
• Semi-passive small battery, faster in response,
  stronger in reading ratio
• Active internal power source, operate as
  beacon/broadcast or response tags
• response tags only respond when an active RFID
  reader requests the tags to transmit

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APPLICATION EXAMPLE SDR based AIS terminal

• AIS Automatic identification System
• universal shipborne automatic identification
  system (AIS)
• self-organised time division multiple access
  (SOTDMA) in the VHF maritime mobile band
• exchange of navigational data between ships and
  between ships and shore stations
• The custodians of standards are
• - IMO (minimum fitting requirements)
• ITU (radio frequencies and their use)
• NATO NNAG/NG5 investigates military utility of
  AIS

Military utility of AIS
SDR facilitates integration of shipborne
electronic equipment into e.g. full navigation
electronics suite including radar, sonar,
communications systems, AIS (as one waveform),
positioning. This paradigm can be extended to
airborne platforms with IFF where similar
approach has already been used with Link-16 and
TACAN
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APPLICATION EXAMPLE SDR Satellite Positioning
terminal
Multimode positioning receiver
SDR Modifications in GPS signal
structure Introduction of Galileo (and expected
evolvement) reconfigurability SDR PARADIGM
APPLICABLE ONLY TO SPECIAL MILITARY
APPLICATIONS WHERE LONG LIFETIME AND PLATFORM
COSTS OIUTWEIGHT TERMINAL COSTS Already under
development in Portland State University in
conjunction with GNU SDR Title Software GPS
Correlator for Universal Software Radio
Peripheral Synopsis Develop correlator routines
for acquiring and tracking signals from GPS
satellites. These routines will bridge the gap
between the universal software radio peripheral
(USRP) and existing open source GPS receiver
software (GPL-GPS). Benefits This project will
substantially lower the barriers to the
development of extended GPS applications. It
will also enable research and development of open
hardware GPS receiver designs. Deliverables
software GPS correlator documentation of
correlator algorithms port of GPL-GPS to
Linux/x86
See e.g. UNIVERSAL SOFTWARE RADIO PERIPHERAL
(850 !!)
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NTPW CHARACTERISICS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE SDR Terrestial Positioning
terminal

• Frequency Hopping DS Spread Spectrum system with
  advanced and highly flexible waveform
• Can use adaptive antennas and interference
  suppression to enhance LPI/LPD and AJ
  capabilities
• Is based on Software Defined Radio platform
• Provides geodetic position
• Can provide Time Service

Network

• Decentralized Network Synchronization
• TRCS and NTPS are separated by FH-codes ? Allows
  lightweight SDR platforms for only
• NTPS terminals
• Movable positioning transmitters (BS) are
  separated by TDMA

under heavy jamming
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SDR case for FDF ?

• LIMITATIONS OF SDR USE
• Technology limitations
• power consumption, heat dissipation
• sw reload times, sw and processing overhead
• linear power amplification
• AD/DA conversion
• broadband antennas
• Before becoming mainstrean
• initial unit costs high
• advantage throuhg whole life cycle costs
• adaptability and maintenance over time gt e.g.
  Military Radios

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SDR case for FDF ?

• CAUTIOUS IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY PROPOSAL
• Implement first wave SDRs
• on high cost platforms (armoured vehicles, naval,
  airborne)
• where bridging gateways improve operational
  interoperability e.g. tactical communications
  nodes to interconnect multinational forces in
  tactical environent
• where new networking capabilities and enhanced
  troughput is needed (low intensity conflictreal
  time applications)
• Introduce second generation SDRs
• to rapid reaction forces to enable coalition
  interoperability both at the tactical
  communications node level as well as at
  unit/terminal/subsrciber level
• Large scale implementation for ground forces
• replace legacy radios

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SDR Military Utility i.e Business Case
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SDR and some other CIS systems within
ISO/OSI-Reference Model
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SINGLE LINK SOLUTION.
VELOCITY
NAVY
AIR FORCE
ARMY
NUMBER OF TERMINALS
IS DEAD Simon Cottle, STASYS Ltd, 7th
Nato Tactical Data Link Symposium, Maaliskuu 2004
COVERAGE
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NATO KEY ENABLER FOR NETWORK ENABLED CAPABILITY
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Sources

• http//www.sdrforum.org/sdr_primer.html, cited
  28.4.2006
• http//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio, translated
  and cited 28.4.2006, and http//en.wikipedia.org/w
  iki/Radio, cited 28.4.2006
• Fauquet Julien SDR in France, Presentation to
  IQPC Software Radio Conference, London UK,
  December 2005
• Ikonen Ilkka GPS-asejärjestelmät, niiden käyttö
  ja häirittävyys, MpKK TeknL
• Jormakka, Candolin (eds) Technical Aspects of
  Network Centric Warfare, National Defence College
  2004, ISBN 951-25-1499-0
• Jormakka, Ahvenainen On Military Applications
  of IP-based Ad Hoc Networks
• Prokkola Ad Hoc Networking under Variable
  Traffic Scenarios in Military Environmnet
• Jormakka, Candolin (eds) Military Ad Hoc
  Networks, National Defence College 2004, ISBN
  951-25-1544-X.
• Jormakka Military Applications of COTS-based Ad
  Hoc Networks
• Valkola IEEE 802.11b Physical Layer Tolerance
  to Jamming
• Kosola, Jokinen Elektroninen Sodankäynti, osa 1
  - taistelun viides dimensio, National Defence
  College 2004, ISBN 951-25-1554-7
• Lehr, Merino, Gillett Software Radio
  Implications for Wireless Services, Industry
  Structure, and Public Policy, Massachusetts
  Institute of Technology 2002
• Liimatainen, Rantapelkonen Informaatioajan
  viestitaktisia ajatuksia
• Nurmi, J Järjestestelmäintegroinnin haasteet
  kohti nanoskaalaisia teknologioita,
  Tietojenkäsittelytiede 5/2005, Tietojenkäsittelyti
  eteen seura, Helsinki 2005, ISSN 078-4818
• Nicholson David Spread Spectrum Signal Design
  and AJ Systems, Computer Science Press
• Perkins Ad Hoc Networking
• Rantapelkonen, Ikonen Sotataidon jäljillä
  Taktinen ja viestitaktinen taito taistelukentällä
• Reed, Jeffrey Software Radio - a Modern Approach
  to Radio Engineering, 2002 Prentice Hall, ISBN
  0-13-081158-0
• Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh ENIGMA - the battle for
  the code, Cassell 2004, ISBN 0-304-36662-5