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Title: Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and Department of Paediatrics, University of


1
Departments of Mechanical Engineering and
Orthopaedics and Department of Paediatrics,
University of British Columbia, BC Injury
Research and Prevention Unit, Vancouver, BC
INJURY BIOMECHANICS AS A MEANS TO PREVENT
INJURIES IN CANADA
Peter A. Cripton and Shelina Babul
  • Motivation Injuries to the spinal cord (Figure
    3) result in loss of function below the level of
    the injury with catastrophic consequences from
    quality of life, health care utilization, and
    financial perspectives.
  • Method Drop Tower Experiments (Figure 4)
  • Conclusion Prevention of Spinal Cord Injuries
  • This technique will be used to evaluate and
    develop novel devices to prevent spinal injuries
    in automotive and sports environments.

INTRODUCTION Injury Biomechanics is centrally
involved in understanding the mechanisms of human
injury. This information is used to prevent
injuries or advance medical treatments. Examples
of injury prevention devices that biomechanical
engineers have been centrally involved in include
the development and advancement of seat belts,
airbags and helmets.
  • Objectives
  • To outline research underway at the Injury
    Biomechanics Laboratory at the University of
    British Columbia and illustrate the importance of
    a collaborative relationship between
    biomechanical engineers and provincial and
    national injury prevention organizations such as
    the British Columbia Injury Research and
    Prevention Unit.

Theme 3 Improving Child Restraint Performance 3
Figure 5 Six-year-old occupant simulation. The
yellow line indicates head motion. (Source
Partners for child passenger safety). This is a
common misuse when the shoulder belt doesnt fit
properly.
  • Motivation Motor vehicle traffic is the leading
    cause of death in BC for the ages 0 to 14 years.6
    High rates of child restraint misuse have been
    reported in BC7 (Figure 5).
  • Method Investigations of specific MVCs
  • Engineering, epidemiological and medical
    Investigations of BC injuries to children
    associated with specific motor vehicle
    collisions.
  • Conclusion Improving Child Restraint
    Performance
  • This information will be used to educate the
    public, guide policy decisions and to identify
    performance improvements to child restraints that
    can be accomplished through engineering redesign.

Figure 2 Corneal abrasion and penetration
summary graph This graph summarizes data made
available to the authors, Potts and Distler5 and
Duma and Crandall.4 Smaller and sharper objects
penetrate the globe at momentums that are several
magnitudes lower than those necessary with 10 mm
diameter rigid spheres.
Theme 1 Prevention of Eye Injuries 1
  • Motivation Ocular injury tolerance data can aid
    automotive design by recommending limits on the
    allowable speed, mass, and shape of projectiles
    associated with airbag deployment or vehicle
    damage during motor vehicle collisions.
  • Method Literature search
  • STAPP Car Crash Conference Proceedings and Pubmed
    Medline

Theme 2 Prevention of Spinal Cord Injuries 2
  • Results Eye Injury Tolerance
  • Projectiles of various size, shape and mass
    (Figure 1)
  • Corneal Injury tolerance data (Figure 2)

GENERAL CONCLUSION Injury prevention is a complex
multidisciplinary field. Many injury prevention
research topics require effective
interdisciplinary collaboration between
physicians, epidemiologists, engineers, and
others.
  • References
  • Boak J.C., Lau C., Bellezza A., Saari A., Cripton
    P.A., Ocular Injury Tolerance to Projectile
    Impacts During Motor Vehicle Collisions.
    Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Meeting of the
    Association for Research in Vision and
    Ophthalmology. May 1-5, 2005, Fort Lauderdale,
    FL, USA
  • Saari A, Morley P, Cripton PA, Spinal cord
    deformation during burst fractures of the
    cervical spine in the presence of physiologic
    preload. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer
    Bioengineering Conference of the American Society
    of Mechanical Engineers, June 22-26, Vail, CO,
    USA
  • Louman-Gardiner K, Mulpuri K, Perdios A, Tredwell
    S, Cripton PA, Pediatric chance fractures and
    associated neurological injury in British
    Columbia recommendations for injury prevention,
    Proceedings of the International Collaboration on
    Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Annual Research
    Meeting, October 17, 2005
  • Duma SM, Crandall JR. J Trauma 200048786-9.
  • Potts AM, Distler JA. American Journal of
    Ophthalmology 1985100183-7.
  • Rajabali F et al. Unintentional injuries in BC
    trends and patterns among children and youth
    2005, BCIRPU Report
  • Christensen L, Reid L, Booster seat law in BC-at
    what compromise? 2002 ICBC BCAA presentation

Projectiles
Figure 1 Schematic of eye tolerance experiment.
  • Conclusion Prevention of Eye Injuries
  • Automotive manufacturers can use the assembled
    data to optimize the design of airbags such that
    projectiles produced during airbag deployments or
    collisions do not injure occupants eyes.

Figure 4 - Drop tower used to induce burst
fracture injuries
Figure 3 - C-spine fractures occur at speeds
over 3m/s i.e. diving into shallow water or in
automotive rollovers.
Acknowledgements Financial support in the form
of research grants from GM Canada (PACE), and
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
of Canada (NSERC), and the Rick Hansen Man in
Motion Fund, are gratefully acknowledged.

.
Contact Shelina Babul, PhD, Tel (604) 875-3682,
Fax (604) 875-3569, Email sbabul_at_cw.bc.ca
2
  • Injury Biomechanics is centrally involved in
    understanding the mechanisms of human injury.
    This information is used to prevent injuries or
    advance medical treatments. Examples of injury
    prevention devices that biomechanical engineers
    have been centrally involved in include the
    development and advancement of seat belts,
    airbags and helmets. In the realm of injury
    treatment biomechanical engineers have
    contributed to novel treatments for spinal cord
    injury by helping to improve the concordance
    between the injuries suffered by human patients
    and those used to develop new treatments in
    rodent models.
  • The objective of this presentation will be to
    outline research underway at the Injury
    Biomechanics Laboratory at the University of
    British Columbia. The important collaborative
    relationship between biomechanical engineers and
    provincial and national injury prevention
    organizations such as the British Columbia Injury
    Prevention Unit will be highlighted.
  • Theme 1 - Eye Injury Injury due to small
    projectiles contacting the eye at high velocity
    can be devastating because of potential loss of
    vision. Ocular injury tolerance data can aid
    automotive design by recommending limits on the
    allowable speed, mass, or shape of projectiles
    associated with airbag deployment or vehicle
    damage during motor vehicle collisions. It was
    determined that little quantitative information
    is known about the tolerance for eye injury for
    projectiles of the size, shape, or mass
    characteristic of automobile collisions. In this
    research, biomechanical engineers can design and
    perform experiments to quantitatively determine
    the tolerance of the eye to injury using
    cadaveric eyes and simulated projectiles
    propelled by an air cannon.
  • Theme 2 Spinal Cord Injury Spinal cord injury
    is a devastating injury with enormous associated
    societal and financial burdens. The objective of
    this research is to quantitatively determine the
    mechanical deformation that the spinal cord
    undergoes during various kinds of common spinal
    injuries such as diving injuries or injuries
    associated with automotive rollovers. This is
    done using cadaveric spinal segments and a sensor
    placed in the spinal canal which can be used to
    measure spinal cord deformation during spinal
    injury.
  • Collaboration with physicians and epidemiologists
    as well as researchers with other expertise is
    essential in these fields as it provides a
    quantitative understanding of the importance of
    the research question in the Canadian context
    (epidemiology) as well as an understanding of the
    clinical presentation and treatment of affected
    individuals.
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