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Title: KNOWLEDGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF KNOWLEDGE virtual cartography and mapping cyberspace


1
KNOWLEDGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF
KNOWLEDGEvirtual cartography and mapping
cyberspace
  • Cultural and Heritage Communication Course
  • 24-25 September Cortona
  • Charles van den Heuvel

2
Virtual Cartography and Mapping Cyberspace
  • Thematic cartography
  • Urban cartography
  • Urban cartography - GIS
  • Virtual cartography digitizing maps
  • Virtual cartography truth of maps
  • Cartography of Cyberspace

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Historic Town Atlases
  • The international Commission for the History of
    Towns

Atlas historique des villes europeenes
Centre de Cultura Contemporania de Barcelona
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Historic Town Atlases
  • Started in 1955, format rules 1968
  • Cadastral plan (four colours) 12500
  • Situation early 19th century 150.000
  • Modern plan in colour 15000
  • Eighteen countries 280 towns

11
Atlas historique des villes europeenes
  • Started in 1994
  • 10 volume project, Spain and France finished
  • Part 1 Thematic maps on national level
  • Part 2 Thematic maps on local level
  • Pre-industrial period until 1800
  • Beginning 19th Century until 1940
  • 1945 recent plans

12
Disadvantages of cadastral plans
  • Plans on different scales
  • Different orientations
  • Several geometrical bases
  • Island maps (not drawn to borders)
  • Only image of property
  • Measures no steady for characteristics paper
  • Not transparent makes copying
  • difficult

Source E. Koster, Stadsmorfologie, Groningen 2001
13
Geographical Information Systems
  • GIS systems use
  • digital maps with
  • databases and
  • analytical capabilities

14
GIS - characteristics
  • The spatial data can be ordered hierachically in
    categories and sub-categories
  • The spatial data have a location in relation to a
    chosen point
  • The data are related to spatial primitives like
    length, scale, surface, but also forms and
    patterns
  • Relations can be topological, proximal or
    directional compared to other locations

Source E. Koster, Stadsmorfologie, Groningen 2001
15
GIS -models
  • Object oriented spatial model
  • Location oriented spatial model

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Bitmap
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Reliability and Veracity in Virtual Historic
Urban CartographyThe choice of maps and
atlases in historical research
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Democratisation of cartography no longer does
the map user depend on what the cartographer puts
on the map. Today the user is the cartographer.
  • Source J.L. Morrison, Topographic mapping for
    the 21st Century,
  • in D.Rhind, Framework of the world, Cambridge 1997

20
Seeing wrong and Not Seeing
  • Source Alan MacEachren, Approaches to truth in
    geographic visualization

21
Mercator
Peters
Orthographic
Reliability Distortions of Projections
22
Veracity
Distortions of Truth
23
Evaluation of cartographical sources Harley
(1968)
  • Evidence on Maps
  • Evidence about Maps
  • Evidence of Maps

24
Levels of historical evidence Koeman 1968 - 1
  • First highest level
  • Map or chart must be the one and only mode of
    expression of a historical phenomenon or fact of
    the very nature of the phenomenon itself
  • Second level
  • The maps of chart is the one and only recording
    because writing was not yet practised
  • Third level
  • The map of chart is the one and only adequate
    mode of expression of facts otherwise reported,
    for want of evidence in other forms

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Levels of historical evidence Koeman 1968 - 2
  • Fourth level
  • The map is one and only adequate mode, although
    evidence of other forms exists
  • Fifth level
  • The map is not the most adequate mode, but the
    most reliable recording
  • Sixth level
  • The map is neither adequate, nor reliable but
    confirms other (written) sources

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Evaluation of Cartographical sources Van
Mingroot (1984)
  • Historical heuristics
  • (searching for sources in an organized way)
  • Historical critical interpretation
  • (internal/external criteria)
  • Historical synthesis
  • (a historical survey)

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Typology (formal)- Van Mingroot
  • Schematic
  • Textual
  • Domain
  • Toponymic
  • Chorographic
  • Figurative
  • Narrative
  • Technical

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Maps are changing from being final products
presenting spatial information to interim
products that facilitate visual thinking
  • Source M.J. Kraak, The Web, Maps and Society,
    GISRUK 6th National Conference (1998)

29
Cyberspace
  • The term cyberspace means navigable space and
    is derived from the Greek word kyber (to
    navigate)
  • The term was used for the first time in the novel
    Neuromancer (1984) written by
  • William Gibson

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Cartography of Cyberspace
  • Mapping the Net
  • Mapping Infrastructure and Traffic
  • Website Maps
  • Conceptual Maps/Topology Maps
  • The Image of Cyberspace

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Mapping the Net
Sourcehttp//mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_020/walrus
.html
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Mapping Usenet
Source Treemap visualization of USENET
newsgroups created by Marc Smith and Andrew Fiore
as part of the Netscan Project at Microsoft
Research.
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Virtual Communities
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Mapping infrastructure and traffic
Source Bell Lab Lucent Stephen Eick
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Source http//www.asymptote.net/
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Website Maps
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Visualizing Hypertext Citations
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Social Groups of Interest
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One day in the life of five interconnected people
Source http//www.geog.tamu.edu/faculty/adams
42
Talking in circles
43
OtletsOrder of Concepts
44
Otlet and Nathan Shedroff
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