Unit Six

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Unit Six

• Animal Intelligence

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orangutan-An arboreal anthropoid ape (Pongo
pygmaeus) of Borneo and Sumatra, having a shaggy
reddish-brown coat, very long arms, and no tail.
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gorilla -The largest of the anthropoid apes
native to the forests of equatorial Africa,
having a stocky body and coarse, dark brown or
black hair. ???,??????????????
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Structure of the Text Introduction Subheading
1 Subheading 2 Subheading 3 Conclusion Main idea
Some animals seem capable of thinking when it is
in their own interests to do so.
Supporting examples
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• Functions of subheadings
• Suggest to the reader the contents of each
  section
• Enhance the formal appearance of an essay
• Eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices
  between sections.

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• controversy--a serious argument about something
  that involves many people and continues for a
  long time
• a political controversy
• the controversy surrounding Skinner's theories
• cause/provoke/arouse controversy
• The judges' decision provoked controversy.
• controversy over/about
• Controversy arose (began) over the use of the
  chemicals on fruit and vegetables.

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• they will probably do their best thinking when
  it serves their own purposes, not when scientists
  ask them to.
• -- the animals will probably try to think when
  thinking meets their own interests.
• serve--to be useful or helpful for a particular
  purpose or reason
• A large cardboard box will serve the purpose .
• Her talent for organization should serve her well
  .
• serve the needs/interests of somebody/something
• research projects that serve the needs of industry

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Most do not study animal intelligence, but they
encounter it, and the lack of it, every
day. --Though most people do not study animal
intelligence, they have both met the cases with
or without animal intelligence.
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• feat--An act of skill, endurance, imagination, or
  strength an achievement something that is an
  impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of
  skill, strength etc to do
• remarkable/considerable/incredible etc feat
• They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a
  remarkable feat.
• perform/accomplish/achieve a feat
• the woman who performed the feat of sailing
  around the world alone
• no mean feat (something that is difficult to do)
  
• It is no mean feat to perform such a difficult
  piece.

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• feat achievement exploit masterstroke
• The central meaning shared by these nouns is an
  extraordinary deed or action
• feats of bravery ?????
• achievements of diplomacy ????
• military exploits ????
• a masterstroke of entrepreneurship ??????

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• captivity --when a person or animal is kept in a
  prison, cage etc and not allowed to go where they
  want
• The hostages were released from captivity.
• in captivity
• animals bred in captivity

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• arriving on the scene--arrive at the place of
  the accidence.
• scene--singular the place where an accident,
  crime etc happened
• The police soon arrived at the scene of the crime
  .
• at the scene
• Investigators are now at the scene, searching for
  clues.
• on the scene
• Journalists were on the scene within minutes.

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• a blank starea stare with no expression,
  understanding, or interest
• She gave him a long hard stare .
• His pleas were met by a blank stare.

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• raise the stakes--add to the favorable
  conditions
• stake--money or property risked in a wager or
  gambling game.
• For a dollar stake, you can win up to 1,000,000.
• at stake--if something that you value very much
  is at stake, you will lose it if a plan or action
  is not successful
• They have to win the contract - thousands of jobs
  are at stake.
• have a stake in something--if you have a stake in
  something, you will get advantages if it is
  successful, and you feel that you have an
  important connection with it
• Young people don't feel they have a stake in the
  country's future.
• high stakes--if the stakes are high when you are
  trying to do something, you risk losing a lot or
  it will be dangerous if you fail
• Climbing is a dangerous sport and the stakes are
  high .

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• Relieved it was not anything dangerous or
  valuable,
• --Jendry felt no longer worried
• relieved--feeling happy because you are no longer
  worried about something
• greatly/immensely/extremely etc relieved
• She looked immensely relieved when she heard the
  news.
• His mother was relieved to see him happy again.
• relieved (that)
• I felt relieved that Ben would be there.
• A relieved smile spread over his face.

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• figure out1. to think about a problem or
  situation until you find the answer or understand
  what has happened
• figure out how/what/why etc
• Can you figure out how to do it?
• If I have a map, I can figure it out.
• Don't worry, we'll figure something out (find a
  way to solve the problem) .
• 2. to understand why someone behaves in the way
  they do
• Women. I just can't figure them out.

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• in ones interest(s) for or to sb.s advantage
• It would be in your interests to undertake this
  task although its difficult.
• The local government has to abandon the plan for
  a new chemical plant because it is not in the
  public interest.

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• thrive--to become very successful or very strong
  and healthy
• plants that thrive in tropical rainforests
• a business which managed to thrive during a
  recession
• thrive on something -- to enjoy or be successful
  in a particular situation, especially one that
  other people find difficult or unpleasant
• I wouldn't want that much pressure, but she seems
  to thrive on it.
• thriving-very successful
• a thriving tourist industry

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• apparently sizing up the problem,
• --obviously it realized the problem and made a
  judgment as to what to do
• size something/somebody up--to look at or
  consider a person or situation and make a
  judgment about them
• It only took a few seconds for her to size up the
  situation.

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• shell game--American English
• a dishonest method of doing something, in which
  you pretend to be doing one thing when you are
  really doing another
• The term shell game is used more generally to
  describe a situation in which conspicuous actions
  are taken to cover up deception.
• While the navy pilot may well be alive, the
  possibility that the United States will get
  pulled into another shell game with the Iraqi
  dictator is concerning.

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The shell game is a gambling game, often used to
perpetrate fraud. It is played on a flat surface,
and requires three shells, and a pellet or other
small object. One person places the pellet under
one of the shells, then quickly shuffles the
shells around. The player must decide under which
shell the pellet is located.
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• colonya group of animals or plants of the same
  type that are living or growing together
• a seal colony
• breeding colonies of rare birds
• a colony of termites