Title: Biomarkers for monitoring pollution in the Caspian Sea -----------
1Biomarkers for monitoring pollution in the
Caspian Sea-----------
- Odd Ketil Andersen1 Endre Aas1,2
-
- 1)RF-Akvamiljø
- http//www.rf.no
- 2)Akvamiljø Caspian as, Caspian Environmental
Laboratory - http//www.akvamiljo-caspian.no
2RF-AkvamiljøStavanger, Norway
- Research areas
- Laboratory and field based
- Development of new methods biomarker - effect
monitoring - Environmental Monitoring
- Environmental Risk Assessment -ERA
- Development of ERA Models
- Aquaculture
- Clients Oil companies/ National and
international research funding agencies
3Akvamiljø CaspianCaspian Environmental
Laboratory (CEL)
- Based in Baku, Azerbaijan
- CEL was established in 1998 with initial and
operational support from AIOC - AmC took over operation in February 2002
- Parent organisations RF-Akvamiljø and Eurofins
- 20 Azeri staff (hereof 75 scientists and
technicians) - 3 full-time consultants
4Akvamiljø CaspianActivites
- - Marine environmental monitoring
- Off-shore environmental monitoring surveys
(macrobenthos and chemistry) - - Seabed mapping
- - Fish, mussel studies, wild and caged animals
- - Chemical analyses
- - Toxicity testing using Caspian protocol
- - Air monitoring (ambient and occupational)
- - Environmental consultancy
5Assessment and monitoringof pollution - chronic
or acute
- Identification and fate of discharge/ spill
- Origin, type of oil, spreading and degradation
- Impacts
- Human and commercial interests (fisheries..)
- Ecosystems (birds, water column, benthic
organisms) - ? What are the criteria for impact assessment
(acceptance criteria) - Reduction of populations/ change to ecosystems
- gt Challenging to monitor (dead animals e.g.
birds) - Chemical levels in water, sediment, organisms
- Various biological effects (biomarkers)
6Biomarkers for environmental pollution
- Diagnostic methods for measuring the health of
individuals in a population - Can be molecular, histological, physiological or
behavioral responses - Can be measured in tissue, body fluid or on whole
animals - Huge number of potential biomarkers, suitability
must be assessed
7Biomarkers for environmental pollution
- Mapping area of influence/ hot spots
- Monitoring normalisation after a spill
- Detecting effects that are, or are thought to be
related to reduced survival or reproduction - Identification of a pollution problem
- E.g. unknown source(s)
- Combined effects
- Rapid, cheap
8Practical examplesMethods and results
- Oil Spills
- Overview of large spills
- Green Ålesund accident 2000
- Rocknes accident 2004
- Regional European study BEEP
- gtStart with presenting selected methods
9Biomarkers in oil spill monitoring
- Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989
- PAH met/detoxification enzymes/
- DNA adducts
- various reproduction failures
- Braer, Shetland 1993
- Detoxification enzymes (free living fish and
farmed salmon) - Sea Empress, Wales 1996
- DNA adduct formation
10Biomonitoring Green Ålesund oil spill
Photo Eirik Hustvedt
- Went ashore 15th December 2000
- 120 tons heavy bunker oil spilled
- Limited spreading
11PAH metabolites in bile
12PAH metabolites in bileby fluorescence
spectrography
13PAH metabolites in cod
- Increased levels at spill site
- Indicate origin, petrogenic - pyrogenic
- Measure recovery
14PAH metabolites in edible crab - urine
Fluorescence signal
Excitation wavelength
Photo Eirik Hustvedt
15Lysosomal membrane stabilityin blue mussels by
NRRT
- Lysosomes capture pollutants and protect the
cells this way - The lysosome membrane is impaired by pollutants
and can thereby be used as an indicator of
presence and effect of pollutants - Can be measured by Neutral Red Retention Time
assay (NRRT)
Photo Eirik Hustvedt
16Lysosomal membrane stabilityin blue mussels by
NRRT
17Lysosomal membrane stabilityblue mussels
No reduction in lysosomal membrane stability
observed in caged mussels at spill site
18Biomonitoring Rocknes oil spill
- Capsized January 2004, Norwegian west coast
- A major part of 445 tons heavy bunker oil, 67
tons diesel and 21 tons lube oil was spilled - Extensive spreading
19Lysosomal membrane stabilityblue mussels
Rocknes
20Comet Essay - DNA Strand breaksRocknes
Measure of DNA damage
21BEEP Biological effects of Environmental
Pollution in coastal marine ecosystems
- EU project from 2001-2004
- 30 European Institutes from 12 countries
participated with staff and students
22BEEP Field Sites
Baltic
Mediterranean
North Atlantic
- local fish species
- shore crabs
- blue mussels
23BEEP - Aim
- Assessment of different biomarkers
- Development of new biomarkers
- Assessment of actual sites
- Mainly field based
- Large scale chronic exposure experiments on fish
(cod and turbot), shore crab and blue mussels (RF
organized)
24BEEP Biomarkers
- Core biomarkers
- Acetylcholine esterase (pesticides)
- Lysosomal membrane stability (various pollutants)
- Metallothionein (metals)
- EROD (organic pollutants, e.g. PAH, PCB)
- Fish bile PAH metabolites (PAH)
25BEEP Biomarkers
- Commonly used biomarkers
- Genetic damage
- Micronuclei, DNA adducts, Comet assay, Alkaline
unwinding, DNA fingerprinting - Proteins induced by pollutants
- CYP 1A, MDR, BPH, VTG, ZRP, Catalase.
- Immune system tests
- Early life stage development tests
26BEEP Biomarkers
- Research on novel biomarkers
- Oxidative stress (Enzymes and end products)
- Hormonal shifts
- Reproductive success
- Histology
- Genomics
- Proteomics
27BEEP Chronic exposure expemiments
28BEEP - North Atlantic Norway sites
Refernce sites
Copper
Diesel
PAH
29Free living versus caged animals
- Free living animals, fish, crab, mussels
- Species selection based on availability,
representativity, sensitivity, consumer interest,
established knowledge - Alternative caged animals
- If species are missing/ difficult to catch
- Secure similar groups, no variation in age and
exposure history
30Monitoring parameters/ Biomarkers in the Caspian
Sea?
- Types of pollution
- Point sources or wide spread
- Spills, continuous discharges, old discharges
- Selection of monitoring species
- Distribution, ecological importance, commercial
importance, sensitivity, catchability - Relevant fish
- Sturgeon, gobidae, Cyprinus carpio, Rutilis
rutilis caspicus - Relevant invertebrates
- Dreisena, Mytilaster