Graham Hosie

1
Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder
Survey
A Southern Ocean Monitoring System
Graham Hosie SCAR CPR Action Group
2
Major Regime Shifts

• Climatic regime shift
• Marine ecosystem regime shift
• Andrew Bakun 1996

3

• Antarctic region perhaps more sensitive and
  vulnerable change
• Global warming in favour of temperature
  tolerant species
• Sea ice reduction decline in sea ice biota
• Increase in CO2 calcite and aragonite
  desaturation
• Increased UV exposure
• Harvesting Impact imbalance in species
  composition
• Invasive species

4
SO-CPR Survey Purpose

• Map the biodiversity and distribution of
  zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life
  stages, in the Southern Ocean.
• Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental
  change as early warning indicators of the health
  of Southern Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal
  variation in plankton patterns.
• Serve as reference on the general status of the
  Southern Ocean for other monitoring programs
• eg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMP

CCAMLR Commission for the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources
5
SO-CPR Survey Collaboration

• Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991
• Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999
• TUMSAT - 2003
• Germany (AWI) 2004
• New Zealand (NIWA) -2006
• Great Britain (BAS SAHFOS)
• Test tows in 2005-06
• New LSSSG Action Group 2006

6
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Collecting Silk 270µm
7
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
Plankton are trapped on the collecting silk as it
passesacross the tunnel
8
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
The collecting silk is then covered by another
silk beforerolling into the Preservation Tank
9
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
The mechanism is driven by water passing over the
propeller
10
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
CPR is towed horizontally at about 10 m depth,
100 m directly behind ship
Regardless of ship speed, silk advances at 1 cm
for every 1 nautical mile
11
5m 450 nmile tow

• 5 cm 5 n miles

12
CPR Data Base
Zooplankton Data Spp composition abundance per
5 n mile
Splicing program
GIS Database
Underway Data GPS,T, S, Fluorometer, Light per
1 minute
13
Environmental data collected during CPR tows

• Sea-water temperature
• Salinity/conductivity
• Fluorometry
• Light - Photosynthetically Active Radiation
• Solar Radiation
• UV, UVB
• Wind Speed Direction
• Barometric pressure
• Optical Plankton Counter
• Hydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khz
• Satellite data - SeaWiFS

14
Database description

• gt14,000 records in data base April 2004
• gt16,500 records by August 2006 April 2005
• 3,700 samples collected 2005-06
• Records are 5 nautical miles segments
• gt200 zooplankton taxa euphausiid developmental
  stages
• Geocoded and time-stamped
• Environmental data averaged over the length of
  the record

15
Access to data

• Use of the data is encouraged
• Submit request to administrators -
  socpr_at_aad.gov.au
• use of the data
• method of analysis
• likely output of results
• Partial of full data set supplied
• Avoid conflict/duplication of analysis
• Student involvement
• Opportunity to enhance analysis
• Website established
• http//aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/index.cfm
• Link from SCAR

16
The Survey coversgt70 of the Southern
Ocean October to April
gt 100,000 nauticalmiles of data havebeen
collected since 1991
Approximately40-50 tows each year gt3,000 samples
p.a. 5 n-mile resolution
This represents morethan 20,000 samples, 200
taxa environmental data
17
Current projected Continuous Plankton Recorder
tracks for CAML
Australia
Japan
Japan
Japan
New Zealand
Germany
Korea
20,000 n miles 4,000 plankton samples At 5 n
mile resolution
UK, Brasil
18
Summary of Tows
Estimated
19
40ºS
Hobart
Lower abundance - different species
50ºS
Cyclopoid copepods Small calanoid copepods Small
euphausiids Forams Appendicularians
Higher diversity, very high abundances
60ºS
Lower diversity, very low abundances
Casey
Mawson
Davis
70ºS
80ºE
90ºE
60ºE
70ºE
110ºE
140ºE
100ºE
120ºE
130ºE
150ºE
160ºE
STF Sub-Tropical Front, SAF Sub-Antarctic
Front, PF Polar Front, SACCF Southern
Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, Bdy
southern boundary of ACC
20
Oikopleura spp
21
Euphausia superba
22
Total Abundance
23
January 1998 Temperature
1000
12.00
900
10.00
800
8.00
700
600
6.00
Zooplankton per segment
Temperature
500
4.00
400
300
2.00
200
0.00
100
0
-2.00
1
14
27
40
53
66
79
92
105
118
131
144
157
170
183
196
209
222
235
248
261
274
287
300
313
326
339
352
365
378
391
404
417
430
443
456
Segment
66 55S 64 44E
49 21S 130 39E
50 S
52 S
54 S
56 S
58 S
60 S
62 S
64 S
66 S
Hobart
Mawson
24
Southern ecotone
40ºS
Hobart
50ºS
60ºS
SACCF
Casey
Mawson
Davis
70ºS
80ºE
90ºE
60ºE
70ºE
110ºE
140ºE
100ºE
120ºE
130ºE
150ºE
160ºE
SACCF Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Front
25
Cluster 5
Cluster 2
Cluster 4
Cluster 6
Cluster 1
Cluster 3
9 unique species
1unique species
3 unique species
Hobart
Dumont dUrville
26
POOZ- Inter-annual variation species composition

• Cluster groups identified but high degree of
  similarity between groups 61-84
• Little variation in species composition between
  years
• Increase in dissimilarity would be indicative of
  major change

January samples
27
SIZ - Inter-annual variation species composition

• Two distinct groups with very low similarity -
  10
• Group 1 low abundances, low diversity, T.
  macrura and E. superba dominant (SIZ species)
• Group 2 higher abundance diversity, Oithona,
  small calanoids, forams, appendicularians
  dominant (POOZ group)

1
2
January samples
28
Conclusions

• Permanent Open Ocean Zone
• Less variation in species composition - stable
• Much higher abundances and diversity
• Any change indicative of potential major change
  in the ecosystem
• Sea-Ice Zone
• Greater variation
• More sensitive to change Hunt Hosie (in
  press) DSR I
• Very low species abundance and diversity
  increased noise
• Change occurred around 2000
• Oscillating patterns vs long-term regime shifts

29
Future Monitoring

• CPR can readily distinguish
• Regional
• Seasonal
• Annual variation in plankton patterns, and
  eventually
• Long term patterns
• The SO-CPR Survey is well positioned to provide
  early detection of any change in the Southern
  Ocean ecosystems
• Distinguish natural patterns from
  environmental/climatic forcing perturbation

30
(No Transcript)