Microbiology

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Microbiology

• Nayeema Ahmad

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Microbiology The study of microorganisms

• Microorganisms? living things too small to be
  seen with the unaided eye
• Microorganisms Microbes

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Microorganisms

• Divided into six groups
• Bacteria
• Archae
• Algae
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Viruses

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Microbiology-Cohesive science

• b/c methods used
• Approaches taken to solve problems
• Groups ? not closely related, only link is the
  small size

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Impact of Microbes

• Maintains environment
• Industrial tool
• Can destroy livestock
• Causes food spoilage
• Causes illness? death

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Pathogen

• A disease causing organism
• Controlled human events before development of
  microbiology as a science
• Epidemics ? social, political change, chaos
  human suffering

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Microbes, Diseases History
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Bubonic Plague

• Swept through Europe? Middle ages
• Killed 25 million people? 1/3 of pop
• Causative org ?a bacteria Yersinia pestis i.d.
  500 yrs later
• Infect. Flea? rats? rats dies? fleas move to
  humans? epidemic underway
• Rare today? found in ground squirrels

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The Irish Famine

• Potato blight? in the 1800s caused by a fungus
• By 1846? starvation hunger based disease was
  widespread
• gt 1.25 million people died, 1.2 million emigrated
• Still a threat to farmers

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Conquest of the Americas

• Europeans came to the Americas? most devastating
  explosions of infectious diseases
• Why?
• Europeans? exposed for centuries, had immunity
• American? no exposure? highly vulnerable

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Homework

• Read pg 2-3 answer questions 12 on pg 20

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Microbes Life

• Microbiology ? discovered ways to use microbes to
  improve quality of life
• Medical
• Environmental
• Industrial
• Agriculture

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The Scope of Microbiology

• Microorganisms
• A diverse group of living things whose only
  link is their small size
• Divided into six groups

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1. Bacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Highly diverse
• Can cause a vast spectrum of diseases
• Keeps the earths env. atms. in balance

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2.Archaea

• Discovered in 1970
• Superficially related to bacteria
• Live in extreme conditions
• Methanogens
• No human pathogens

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3.Algae

• Eukaryotic
• Carry photosynthesis
• Microscopic Macroscopic

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4. Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• Non photosynthesis
• Microscopic Macroscopic

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5. Protzoa

• Unicellular
• Non photosynthetic
• Usually motile

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6.Viruses

• Not cells, extremely small
• Particles of RNA or DNA packaged in a protein
  coat
• Cause many major diseases

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Helminths

• Worms , belong to the animal kingdom
• Cause infectious diseases
• 2 types
• Round ? hookworms
• Flat ?tape worms, can grow up to 30 ft

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Homework

• Pg 20 do questions 3-5, 8, 9, 14-16

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History of Microbiology

• Microbes discovered gt300yrs
• Known to man during the mid 1800s
• Period of progress began continues to the
  present

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

• 1674 made a simple microscope observed live
  specimens
• Could magnify images up to 200x
• Observed 50,000 different specimens, reported
  findings to the Royal Society of London

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Spontaneous Generation

• The formation of living things from inanimate
  objects
• Was thought to be the origin of organisms
• Disproved by ? Redi, Spallanzani, Pasteur

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Italian Physician Redi (1665)
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English Clergyman Needham (1774)

• Proponent of spontaneous generation
• Showed that boiling of meat broth had no effect
  on appearance of microbes,
• Microbes developed spontaneously

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Italian Priest Professor Spallanzani
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Spontaneous Generation

• Controversy continued for 100yrs
• 1859 French Academy of Science ? competition to
  prove or disprove this theory

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French Chemist Pasteur (1861)
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Germ Theory of Disease

• SG theory disproved ? led to rapid development of
  microbiology
• Led to the study of infectious diseases

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German Physician Koch (1876)

• Proved that microorganisms caused diseases
• Only specific microorganisms caused specific
  diseases
• Studied anthrax ? affects cattle humans

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Kochs Postulates
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Immunity

• Edward Jenner ( 1796) ? Smallpox immunity /
  Vaccine
• Pasteur ( 1800s)? vaccines for anthrax, rabies ?
  attenuated organisms

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Chemotherapy

• German Physician Paul Ehrlich ? Selective
  toxicity
• Discovered drug for syphilis
• Sulfa drugs? 1st synthetic drug to come in to
  widespread use

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Antibiotics

• Chemotherapeutic agents produced by
  microorganisms
• Fleming ( 1929) ?Penicillin produced by a mold
• -came into use 10 yrs later
• -By the 1940s known as the wonder drug

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Immunology

• Microbiology was devoted (Pasteur Koch) to
  making vaccines
• Today? independent fast developing science

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Virology

• Study of viruses
• Iwanoski (1892)? studying diseases of tobacco
  plants
• Discovered TMV
• Filterable viruses

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Genetic Engineering recombinant DNA Technology

• Studies on microorganisms ? development of this
  field
• E.coli ? organism most frequently used