The Abnormal Normal State of the High-Temperature Superconductors

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The Abnormal Normal State of the
High-Temperature Superconductors
In Memory of Jack Crow (1939-2004)
G.S. Boebinger, Applied Superconductivity
Conference, October 2004
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National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
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100 YEARS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE MAGNETS
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Dedication of the NHMFL, October 1994
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45T NHMFL hybrid magnet
Cable-in Conduit Conductor
Cu/Nb3Sn composite strands around Cu cores inside
10mm x 12mm steel conduit
Mid-Plane / End Turn Florida Bitter Plates
Hybrid Insert Innovations Mid-plane disks
use elongated hole to maximize hoop
strength. End disks use elliptical holes
to increase bending stiffness.
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900MHz NMR Magnet Project
April 1999 Design Completed
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900MHz Magnet Project Homogeneity
300K Shim Coils inside magnet bore (not shown)
Superconducting Shim Coils

• SAMPLE VOLUME
• The as-built magnet exceeds
• expected homogeneity
• Might not need 300K
• shims inside magnet bore
• except for 1ppb homogeneity
• If 300K shims not needed,
• full 105mm will be probe space
• (cf 89mm with 300K shims)
• MAGNET WILL
• LIKELY EXCEED SPEC

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900MHz Magnet Performance Summary

• PEAK FIELD
• 21.1 teslas MEETS SPEC
• VOLUME AT FIELD
• 105mm warm bore MEETS SPEC
• Based upon commissioning tests to date
• STABILITY
• 530Hz/hr relaxing to 500Hz/hr, uncompensated
• 10Hz/hr drift rate WILL MEET SPEC
• HOMOGENEITY
• Using superconducting shims, have demonstrated
• 0.01ppm for all other terms (Z and quadratic)
• 0.1ppm for X and Y terms WILL MEET SPEC
• Superconducting shims insider bore achieve 3ppb
  and
• Room temperature shims are strong enough for
• 1 ppb homogeneity WILL MEET SPEC

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Scientific Program of the NHMFL Ultra-Wide Bore
900 MHz NMR Magnet
The scientific user program will focus on
research that exploits the unique features of
this magnet, including the large volume afforded
by its 105mm diameter room temperature bore
--High-Resolution Structural Characterization of
Membrane Proteins. Membrane proteins play
critically important roles in biological function
and their structure is often better determined
using NMR rather than traditional X-ray
crystallography. --Biology of
Macromolecules and Macromolecular Complexes,
including the dynamic characterization of these
high molecular weight systems. The magnet will
enable determination of their nascent structure
in scarcely-populated structural states.
--Materials Chemistry under Extreme Conditions,
including placing the sample under high pressure
at high or low temperature. These environments
often require large volumes to realize.
--Cellular Kinetics, including microimaging and
temporal resolution of metabolite and diffusion
rates. --Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
of cellular ultrastructure and small mammals.
MRI requires the insertion of additional magnet
gradient coils into the large bore of the 900MHz
magnet.
The NHMFL 900MHz Magnet the only magnet in
the world that can produce 21.1 Tesla for NMR
and MRI experiments in a 105 mm diameter
volume.
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900MHz Wide-Bore NMR Magnet Scientific Program
Materials Chemistry under Extreme Conditions
- High and Low Temperature - High
Pressure
Tunnel Diode Oscillator in Diamond Anvil
Cell Gasket
NHMFL Pressure Clamp Cell in Rotator Metallic
Diamond Anvil Cell and Plastic Sapphire Bead
Cell
NHMFL 11.7 T Re-entrant Cavity Resonator with a
9.5cm inner diameter
Cellular Ultra-Structure and Kinetics -
Temporal Resolution to Measure
Metabolite and Diffusion Rates - Microimaging
for Ultra-Structural Characterization
NHMFLs AMRIS First MRI imaging of living single
biological cells real-time function in living
biological systems for example, how
mitosis occurs. Plans for Live Mouse Image in
900MHz Magnet High-resolution image of this
common disease model
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600 MHz 1mm High-Temperature Superconducting
Triple (Quadruple) Resonance Probe(2004 expected
completion as most sensitive NMR probe per unit
spin)
Coil Configuration
Extend superconducting probes to triple resonance
plus lock. Extend cryogenic probe technology
to triple resonance plus lock down to 1mm
samples Improve coil resonance/interaction
modeling
Measured Modes andSimulated Modes of 15N Spiral
Simulation of 1 H Coil 609 MHz Measured
Resonance 591 MHz
An NHMFL/Bruker Collaboration Bill Brey,
Steve Blackband, Art Edison, Robert Nast,
Saikat Saha, Rich Withers
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High-Temperature, High Magnetic Field Processing
of Materials
High-Tc superconducting tapes Critical current in
films dominated by grain alignment in the
conductor. Magnetic field processing aligns
grains and enhances critical current density and
peak current. Incorporated carbon nanotubes
improve magnetic vortex pinning and increase
upper critical magnetic fields. Nanocrystalline
Iron-Based Materials Magnetic field processing
alters the microstructure of Invar alloy,
doubling the volume fraction of ferromagnetic
bcc phase, implying the possibility of extremely
high strength-to-weight alloys. Will magnetic
field processing alter the phase diagram and
induce nanocrystalline grain growth in steels,
other metals ? Carbon Nanotube Composites
Thermally cure epoxy dispersed with 3wt. CNT in
a magnetic field. Tenfold increase in the
electrical conductivity 30 increase in thermal
conductivity with magnetic field processing.
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5 TESLA HIGH-Tc INSERT in 20T BACKGROUND

• High Tc Insert Coil
• 19993T16mm bore
• in 19T background field
• 20035T38mm bore
• in 20T background field

Bi-2212 conductor, reinforced with ZrO2 -
coated stainless steel tape
H.W. Weijers, U.P. Trociewitz, F. Trillaud, A.
Mbaruku, P.V.S.S Sastry, Y.S. Hascicek, J.
Schwartz, K. Marken, M. Meinesz, H. Miao,  IEEE
Trans. Appl. Supercond. 13,  1396 (2003)
Development of a 5 T HTS insert magnet as
part of 25 T Class Magnets
Thin-wall G-10 shell with circumferential
openings at 120o for LHe cooling
A-unit (shown above) and B-unit each a stack
of 17 Bi-2212
double pancakes
Superconducting magnets AS A RESEARCH PROJECT
will likely yield 22T-25T All-Superconducing
Magnets a step on the road to HTS NMR?
Complete 5 Tesla Insert with layer-wound C-unit
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NHMFL Ion Cyclotron Resonance User Facility
Four independent figures of merit scale
as B2

• The NHMFL FT-ICR National User Facility
• also optimizes techniques that are
• independent of magnetic field strength
• roughly two years ahead of the commercial
• instruments on which virtually all other
• FT-ICR laboratories depend.
• External Ion Trapping x100 faster duty cycle
• (now in all commercial instruments)
• Potential gradient in external ion trap
• ten-fold increase in sensitivity
• (soon to be incorporated commercially)
• Simultaneous excitation/detection
• two-fold increase in resolution
• (just announced this year). 

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Time for a Superconducting Technology Roadmap
?
Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in 45T Hybrid Magnet
900 MHz NMR Magnet with 105mm Warm Bore
NMR Probe and MRI Cavity Design
Probe Design for Extreme Experimental
Conditions High-Tc Cryogenic
Probe Design and Modeling
Materials Processing in High Magnetic Fields
5T High-Tc Superconducting Insert
for 25T World-Leading Ion
Cyclotron Resonance Program
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NHMFL is now engineering a Series Connected
Hybrid Magnet
For experiments requiring - high
homogeneity - high temporal stability -
long times at peak field
Connect a 20kA Resistive Magnet in series
with a Superconducting Outsert Magnet
45-T Hybrid 32-mm bore 30 MW
Series Connected Hybrid 35 T, High
Homogeneity 40-mm bore 10 MW
33-T All-Resistive 32-mm bore 20 MW
Engineering advantages Reduced engineering
for fault protection 1/3 power of
all-resistive magnet Fits standard
resistive-magnet cell
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ENABLING TECHNOLOGY CABLE-IN-CONDUIT EXPERIENCE
WITH 45T HYBRID
Coil A Coil B Coil C
Cu/Nb3Sn
Cu/NbTi
Cu/Nb3Sn
NHMFL 45T HYBRID MAGNET 45T, 32 mm ID 30MW
peak power Extensive operating experience
THREE YEARS of PUBLISHED DATA

• CABLE-in-CONDUIT
• Circulates superfluid liquid-He
• inside the conductor
• Greater cooling of conductor
• Greater stability against quenches
• ABILITY TO SCALE CONDUCTOR
• TO LARGER CROSS-SECTIONS

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ENABLING TECHNOLOGY NHMFL HIGH-Tc CURRENT
LEAD

• Highly efficient
• Highly stable
• Rugged
• Safe
• Easily commercialized

HIGH Tc LEAD Allows high current through
superconducting coil Reduced helium losses
due to Joule heating
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Time for a Superconducting Technology Roadmap
?
Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in 45T Hybrid Magnet
900 MHz NMR Magnet with 105mm Warm Bore
NMR Probe and MRI Cavity Design
Probe Design for Extreme Experimental
Conditions High-Tc Cryogenic
Probe Design and Modeling
Materials Processing in High Magnetic Fields
5T High-Tc Superconducting Insert
for 25T World-Leading Ion
Cyclotron Resonance Program
Series Connected Hybrid Engineering
Design High-Tc Superconducting 20kA Current Lead
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WHY PROPOSE A HYBRID MAGNET?
ELECTRICITY COSTS of RESISTIVE MAGNETS
Actual costs at the NHMFL 40MW power supply
Operated 16 hours a day 5 days a week 50
weeks a year Average use is 17 of full 40MW
capacity, due to users sweeping magnetic
field, rather than sitting at full
power. Scientific drivers push toward 7 days a
week More time at peak field (Rotation,
Specific Heat, NMR)
DOUBLING EVERY FIVE YEARS
FLORIDA-BITTER RESISTIVE MAGNET 33T, 32 mm
ID, 20MW peak power Extensive operating
experience A DECADE of PUBLISHED DATA
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Big Light Workshop Tallahassee, May 6-7, 2004
APS
SNS
Schematic of a relatively compact source.
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Time for a Superconducting Technology Roadmap
?
Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in 45T Hybrid Magnet
900 MHz NMR Magnet with 105mm Warm Bore
NMR Probe and MRI Cavity Design
Probe Design for Extreme Experimental
Conditions High-Tc Cryogenic
Probe Design and Modeling
Materials Processing in High Magnetic Fields
5T High-Tc Superconducting Insert
for 25T World-Leading Ion
Cyclotron Resonance Program
Series Connected Hybrid Engineering
Design High-Tc Superconducting 20kA Current Lead
35T Hybrid Magnets with only 10MW Power
Supply Bringing High Magnetic Fields to X-ray
and Neutron Facilities Superconducting
Undulators for Brighter Photon Sources
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The Abnormal Normal State of the
High-Temperature Superconductors
Requires high magnetic fields to make
observations at low temperatures
G.S. Boebinger, Applied Superconductivity
Conference, October 2004
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Challenges in Producing Pulsed Magnetic Fields
Pressure Under Water 12 feet
Ears 6 pounds per square inch
2000 feet Submarine
1000 psi 12,000 feet Ocean Floor
6000 psi
Pressure inside NHMFL Pulsed Magnets 800,000
gauss Pulsed Magnet 200,000
psi (which equals 1.4GPa or 130
kg per square millimeter) (which is more
pressure than most materials can handle)
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Pulse 915July 28,2000
91500 am
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HIGHER STRENGTH MATERIALS lead directly
to HIGHER MAGNETIC FIELDS
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The Abnormal Normal State of the High-Tc
Superconductors
Using 60 teslas ... ...to suppress the
superconducting state ...(undress the
electrons) to reveal the low-temperature
normal-state phase diagram
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The Cast of Characters
Joze Bevk, Al Passner Bell Laboratories, Lucent
Technologies Fedor Balakirev, Jon Betts, Neil
Harrison, Kee Hoon Kim, Albert Migliori
National Magnetic Field Laboratory at Los Alamos
BSLCO Yoichi Ando, Shimpei Ono, S. Komiya, Kouji
Segawa CRIEPI, Tokyo LSCO Kohji Kishio,
Masayuki Okuya, Tsuyoshi Kimura, Jun-ichi
Shimoyama, University of Tokyo LSCO and Ladder
Compound Shin-ichi Uchida, Naoki Motoyama, Kenji
Tamasaku, Noriya Ichikawa, Hiroshi Eisaki,
University of Tokyo Tl-2201 Andre Tyler, Andy
Mackenzie Cambridge University and University
of St. Andrews Bi-2201 Nan Lin Wang, Christoph
Geibel, Frank Steglich TH Darmstadt and Max
Planck Institute, Dresden
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Superconductivity stabilized near Quantum
Critical Points Non-Fermi-Liquid Behavior in the
Low-Temperature Normal State
CeIn3
G. R. Stewart, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 797 (2001)
N.D. Mathur et al., Nature 394, 39 (1998)
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UGe2
A. Huxley, et al., Phys. Rev. B63, 144519
(2001) S.S. Saxena, et al., Nature 406, 587 (2000)
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STRANGE BEHAVIOR
PHASE TRANSITION LINE
TEMPERATURE
PHASE B (ordinary metal)
PHASE A (magnetism)
PHASE C (superconductivity)
MAGNETIC FIELD or PRESSURE or DOPING
(carrier concentration)
STRANGE BEHAVIOR results from a Quantum Critical
Point ---quantum phase transition(zero
temperature phase transition) ---transition
mediated by quantum fluctuations(not thermal
fluctuations)
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Nearly Everything I Know About The High-Tc
Superconductors
P.W. Anderson, Science 256, 1526 (1992) and
Research News, Science 278, 1879 (1997)
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Until You Spread Your Wings, Youll Have No Idea
How Far You Can Walk.

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Searching for evidence of a quantum critical
point in the resistivity
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Low Temperature Normal State Hall Effect
Hall Resistivity
Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6d La x0.49 Tc 33K
0.15
Tc
0.16
0.18 p
0.14
0.12
0.10
Hole Concentration, p
High-field Hall voltage is linear in field
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We may understand the high-temperature behavior
of the Hall number from the t-J model
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Low-Temperature Hall Number in Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6d
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The Abnormal Normal State of the High-Tc
Superconductors
Sharp anomaly in doping dependence of the
Hall number at optimum doping ---suggesting
change in the Fermi Surface
Evidence of a Quantum Critical Point in the
Normal State of the High-Tc Superconductors
---observation of a quantum phase
transition(zero temperature phase transition)
---high-Tc cuprates show phenomenology
similar to the heavy fermion
superconductors and organic superconductors
Anderson, Science 256, 1526 (1992) and Research
News, Science 278, 1879 (1997)
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The Abnormal Normal State of the
High-Temperature Superconductors
END OF TALK
To apply for NHMFL magnet time
www.magnet.fsu.edu or contact
G.S. Boebinger gsb_at_magnet.fsu.edu
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The Abnormal Normal State of the High-Tc
Superconductors
P.W. Anderson, Science 256, 1526 (1992) and
Research News, Science 278, 1879 (1997)
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PRL 77, 5417 (1996)
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Logarithmic Divergence of the In-Plane
Resistivity of Underdoped Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6d
Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6d
Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6d
Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 638 (2000) Metal-to-Insulator
Crossover in the Low-Temperature Normal State of
Bi2Sr2xLaxCuO6d
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Logarithmically Divergent Resistivity in
Underdoped Cuprates
Similarities between the Insulator-to-Metal
crossover in BSLCO and LSCO --- occurs
under the superconducting dome
--- occurs at the same normalized resistivity,
at kFl 15. --- the Insulator exhibits
Log-T divergence.
rab /co h/(e2kFl)