EUROPEAN EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS

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EUROPEAN EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS
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• After death of Muhammad in 632, Islam began to
  try to convert conquer the world
• Crusades occurred between 1095 1272Catholics
  tried to expel Muslimsespecially from the Holy
  Land

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FIRST RESULT

• Renewed persecution of Jews in most European
  countries

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SECOND RESULT

• Crusaders exposed to Arabian world
• Chinese silks
• Indian cotton
• Precious gems

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• AND
• Spices
• Gunpowder from China
• Intellectual achievements in mathematics,
  medicine, astronomy geography

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RENAISSANCE

• Flowering of European culturebegins about 1300
  (after Bubonic Plague Crusades)

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Reasons for Global Exploration

• Arabs controlled trade routes to China Far
  East SO

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• Europeans wanted to find alternative routes to
  bypass Arabian traders wanted to control West
  African ports

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MOTIVATION OF EXPLORERS

• Arabian slavery/African slavery
• Easy access to African Asian goods especially,
  SUGAR, LAND, AND GOLD!!!!!

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NAVIGATION OF GLOBE
Navigation of the globe began in early 1400s

• Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
• in 1420sestablished a center for exploration
  ocean mapping

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• EUROPEANS KNEW THE WORLD WAS NOT FLAT!!

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EARLY EXPLORERS

• VikingsGreenland, Iceland, Canada, possibly
  extreme northern New England areaabout 1001

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• 2. PortugueseNorth Africa West Africaearly
  1400s

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• 3. European fishermen on the eastern Canadian
  shore (fish furs)possibly 1480s

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• 4. EnglishJohn Cabot (Italian)North America,
  probably Cape Breton Island or Newfoundland, late
  1400s

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• 5. SpanishColumbus (Italian)Discovers New
  WorldSan Salvador, Cuba, Hispanialate 1400s

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• ALSOJuan Ponce de Leon, Vasco Balboa, Francisco
  de Coronado, Hernan de Soto, Juan Cabrillo.
  Francisco Pizarro Hernan Cortezseized
  control of Aztec Empirelate 1400s/early 1500s

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MODEL OF COLONIZATION (SPAIN)

• Crown maintained tight control
• (hierarchical gvmt).

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• Most colonists were maletook native females as
  sexual partners or wives.

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• 3. Colonists wealth was based on exploitation
  of slaves natives.

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LESSONS FROM EARLY COLONIZATIONS

• Transplantation of crops livestock
• Native peoples could be conquered or exploited.

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• 3. Developed plantation system of slavery.
• 4. Developed the means to provide the slaves .

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CONSEQUENCES TO SPAIN

• Unprecedented wealth led to rapid inflation.

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• 2. Spanish textile industry collapsed.
• 3. More wars leading to increased state debt.

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• 4. Spains economy collapsed.
• 5. Lost international status.

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CONSEQUENCES TO NATIVE PEOPLE IN MEXICO

• Population enslaved.
• Cities leveled.
• Religious sites destroyed.

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Consequences to Native People in Mexico (cont)

• 4. Records burned.
• 5. Devastating diseases

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• 6. Traditional life destroyed.
• 7. Tremendous suffering

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CONSEQUENCES TO EUROPEANS

• Developed insatiable appetite for sugar
• AND for gold land

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CONSEQUENCES TO AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES

• Horses revolutionized traditional life-style.
• Wanted European trade goods.
• Neglected own crafts.

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• REVENGE
• Smoking chewing TOBACCO

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• Transfer of diseases small pox, syphilis,
  measles, malaria

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• 2. Transfer of animals large animals to the
  Americasnative animals to Europe

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• 3. Transfer of plants maize, beans, squash,
  cassava, potatoesDiets enrichedmore nutritious
  higher yields

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WORLD POPULATION DOUBLED OVER THE NEXT 300 YEARS
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• HOWEVER,
• By the end of the sixth century, fewer people
  resided in North America than had lived there
  before Columbuss arrival.