Medieval History

1
Medieval History

• Chapter 12 The Rise of Medieval Europe

2
By AD 500

• Germanic invasions had destroyed the Roman
  Empire.
• Trade declined.
• Infrastructure fell into disrepair.
• Law order vanished.
• People lived and died in villages w/no contact
  w/the outside world.

3
Dark Ages

• Decline of Western Europe during this early
  period.
• Medieval period an era of transition between
  ancient and modern world.

4
Out of this violent period a dynamic civilization
arose.
5
Merovingian Rulers

• Franks emerged as strongest Germanic group.
• Named after ruler, Merowig.
• Held power until early AD 700s.

6
Clovis King of the Franks in AD 481
7
Clovis

• 1st Germanic ruler to accept Catholicism.

8
Frankish decline

• In next century.
• Kingdoms divided among heirs.
• Created rivalries and disputes over land.
• By AD 700, power passed from kings to govt.
  officials Mayors of the Palace.

9
Charles Martel "Charles the Hammer"
10
Became Mayor of the Palace

• AD 714.
• Defended Tours, France against Muslim invaders in
  AD 732.
• Ensured Christianity would be dominant religion
  in Europe.

11
Pepin the Short
12
Son of Charles Martel

• Became king of Franks AD 752.
• Backed by nobles church officials.
• Anointed by the Pope w/holy oil.
• Divinely chosen ruler.

13
In return

• Expected to protect the pope.
• AD 754, Forced the Lombards to withdraw from
  Rome.
• Gave the pope land in central Italy.
• Pope cut ties to Byzantine Empire
• Western Europe Catholicism now bound.

14
Charlemagne

• Son of Pepin.
• Became King in AD 768.
• Charles the Great
• One of Europes great monarchs.
• Carolus Magnus (latin)
• Carolingian Dynasty.

15
Doubled borders of his kingdom.
16
Frankish Empire

• Included Germany, France, northern Spain most
  of Italy.
• Most W. Europeans ruled by one government.

17
(No Transcript)
18
Charlemagne wanted to revive learning. Set up a
palace school at Aachen.
19
English scholar, Alcuin ran the
school. Program based on the Bible, Latin
writings.
20

• Scholars preserved ancient manuscripts.
• Provided W. Europeans w/ a common set of ideas.

21
Christian Roman Empire

• AD 800 Charlemagne defended Pope Leo III against
  Roman nobles.
• Military victory.
• Pope crowned Charlemagne Roman Emperor.
• Protector of the church.

22
What does this mean?

• Charlemagne has misgivings.
• By crowning a monarch, the pope is claiming that
  church officials are superior to rulers.
• Charlemagne accepts anyway.

23
Charlemagne worked to strengthen the empire

• Relied on local officials.
• Counts
• Instructed in duties of office.
• Solved local problems.
• Stopped feuds, protected the weak, raised armies.

24
Charlemagne died in 814.

• Son Louis the Pious not effective.
• Lacked Charlemagnes forceful personality.
• After Louis died, 3 grandsons fought for control
  of the empire.

25
Treaty of Verdun

• AD 843.
• Divided Carolingian lands.
• Charles the Bald Western part, most of present
  day France.
• Louis the German Eastern part, present day
  Germany.
• Lothair Became Roman Emperor, present day North
  Sea to Italy.

26
Invasions came from outside

• Muslims from N. Africa.
• Slavs from east to C. Europe.
• Magyars from Asia.
• Vikings from Scandinavia.

27
To go "a-viking" means to fight as a warrior.
28
Traveled in long, deckless ships w/ one sail,
propelled by oars.
Sturdy enough to cross the Atlantic.
29
Shallow enough to navigate rivers.

• Vikings became known for surprise attacks.
• Stealing burning.
• Eric Bloodax and Harald Bluetooth.
• Sought riches adventure.
• Showed no mercy.

30
More than raiders, also explorers
settlers. Skilled in sailing trade.
31
Moved along coastal regions.

• Norwegians Greenland Iceland.
• Danes Temporary control of England N.W.
  France.
• Swedes Present day Ukraine Russia.

32
Vikings worshiped many deities.
33
Proud of their gods.

• Told stories of the gods great deeds.
• Called Eddas.
• Written poems.
• Also made up Sagas, or long tales.
• Recited at special feasts.
• After AD1100, written down.
• Conversion to Christianity and Roman letters.

34
Section 2

• Medieval Life

35
Feudalism

• Result of weakening central govt.
• Stressed alliances of mutual protection between
  monarchs and nobles.
• Gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and
  military aid.

36
(No Transcript)
37
With land

• came peasants to farm.
• Gave of crops in exchange for protection.
• Feudalism took hold in N. France around AD 900
  then spread throughout W. Europe by mid 1000s.

38
Charles Martel

• Granted warriors fiefs, estates w/peasants.
• New type of military system needed to compete
  w/Muslims.
• From the fiefs, warriors had income to supply
  soldiers.

39
(No Transcript)
40
Nobles assume powers of govt.

• Raising army.
• Dispensing justice.
• Minting coins.

41
In return nobles swore an oath of loyalty
and pledged military support to the monarch.
42
By AD 900s

• Such arrangements among nobles and monarchs
  emerged as feudalism.

43
Lords granted fiefs allowed to pass lands on to
their heirs.
44
In return, nobles provided KNIGHTS, for
the royal army.
45
Feudal relationships like a pyramid.

• King at top.
• Middle were various ranks of noblemen.
• Vassal, a noble who served a lord of the next
  highest rank.
• Knights served a vassal.

46
Knights suit of armor.
47

• A noble could be both a lord and a vassal.
• He could pledge allegiance to more that one lord.
• Conflicts of loyalty arose if one of a vassals
  lords went to war w/ another.

48
Homage

• Official ceremony between lord vassal.
• Vassal agrees to provide lord with certain
  knights for battle for 40-60 days per year.

49

• Vassal agreed to serve in the lords court.
• Provide food lodging when the lord comes to
  visit.
• To contribute funds when the lords son becomes a
  knight or his daughter marries.
• Pledged to pay ransom if the lord is captured in
  battle.

50
Castles

• Built by nobles for defense against enemies.
• 1st were wooden with high fences of wood or earth
  around them.
• By 1100s, were built of stone w/thick walls
  turrets.
• Built on a hill, surrounded by a moat.

51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
Warwick Castle England
55
(No Transcript)
56
The Tower of London
57
Castle Design

• Have square tower called a keep.
• Keep was located in the strongest part of the
  castle.
• Contained rooms, hall, dungeon.
• Bailey surrounds the keep.
• Large open area, contains barracks, storerooms,
  workshops chapel.

58
Life of the Nobility

• Lords, ladies knights.
• Lived better than the peasants, but hardly
  luxuriously.
• Castles were cold, dingy damp.

59
Lord has almost total authority

• Collects rents in goods from peasants.
• Settles disputes.
• Resists outside attempts to control his land.

60
Lady has few, if any, rights.

• Could be wed as early as 12 to a man selected by
  her father.
• Duty to bring up children and take care of
  household.
• Did needlework, fine embroidery, and made cloth.
• Made medicines from plants herbs.
• Supervised the estate when men were at war.

61
Medieval bridal feast
62
(No Transcript)
63
Entertainment

• Tournaments popular.
• Mock battles between knights.
• Hunting, falconry archery.

64
(No Transcript)
65

• Dinner was several dishes of game fish.
• Meals were served in the great hall.

66
Noblemens son began training for the knighthood
as age 7.

• Began as a page, or assistant.
• Learned manners use of weapons.
• At 15, became a squire.
• Assisted a knight and practiced using weapons.
• Once proven in battle, knighted in an elaborate
  ceremony.

67
(No Transcript)
68
Code of chivalry

• Governed behavior of knights.
• Must be brave in battle, fight fairly, keep
  promises, defend the Church, and treat women of
  noble birth in a courteous manner.
• Became the basis of good manners in Western
  society.

69
(No Transcript)
70
The Manorial System

• Lords acquired wealth from the labor of peasants.
• Manorialism A system of agricultural production
  that provided lords, peasants with food,
  shelter, and protection.

71
(No Transcript)
72
Manors, or estates

• Several hundred to several thousand acres.
• Lords manor house, pastures, fields, forests and
  a village.
• Feudalismpolitical relationships.
• Manorialismeconomic ties between nobles
  peasants.

73
In return for protection

• Peasants provide services.
• Farm the lords land.
• Make payments of goods.
• Provide labor for community projects.

74
(No Transcript)
75
Manor must be self sufficient

• Wars made trade difficult.
• Peasants rarely left the manor.
• Most were SERFS, people who were bound to the
  manor could not leave without permission.
• Were not SLAVES, couldnt be sold apart from the
  land.

76
Increased crop production

• Eased the threat of famine.
• New, heavier type of plow.
• 3 field system of crop rotation.
• Produced more crops
• Preserved the soil.

77
Peasant Life

• Poverty hardship.
• Constant danger.
• Lived in tiny, one room houses w/dirt floors.
• Few possessions.
• Meat a rarity, porridge, bread, garden veggies
  the usual diet.

78
(No Transcript)
79
Serfs nobles had common interest

• People equal in eyes of God, but society was a
  hierarchy.
• All people had specific duties depending on the
  position in life.
• In general, people did not question their
  standing.
• Lacked freedom, but was a stable and secure way
  of life.

80
Section 3 The Medieval Church

• Catholic church dominates.
• Jews, Muslims, non-Catholic Christians the
  minority.

81
Pope

• The Bishop of Rome.
• Strongest political leader in W. Europe.
• Peter the Apostle, 1st Bishop of Rome.
• Pope claims spiritual authority over all
  Christians.

82

83
Church teaches that all are sinners.

• Receive grace by taking part in the sacraments.
  (church rituals)
• Eucharist-holy communion, most important.
• Masses said in Latin. Most people didnt
  understand few could read or write.
• Parish priests oversaw the spiritual life of the
  community.

84
(No Transcript)
85

• Secular clergy pope, bishops priests.
• Lived in the world.
• Regular clergy lived by regula. (rule)
• Monks nuns who lived apart from society.

86
Benedictine rule

• Roman official Benedict founded a monastery at
  Monte Cassino, Italy.
• Manual work, meditation prayer.
• Monks couldnt own goods, never marry, must obey
  laws.
• Life of poverty, chastity obedience to the
  Abbot. (monastery head)

87
(No Transcript)
88
Monks

• Dressed in robes, ate 1 or 2 plain meals a day,
  rule of silence, except for reading the Bible to
  others.

89
Nuns

• Lived in a convent under direction of an abbess.
• Prayed did needlework. Medicinal use of herbs.

90
Monasteries Convents

• Provided schools for kids, hospitals for the
  sick, guest houses for travelers.
• Some monks nuns became missionaries.

91
Pope Gregory I

• Adopted Benedictine Rule to spread Christianity.
• 1st sent monks to England to convert the
  Anglo-Saxons, next to Germany.
• By mid 1000s, most WE were Catholics.

92
The medieval church was powerful

• Had its own laws courts.
• Disobeying church law had severe penalties.
• Lords or Kings who violated the law faced an
  INTERDICT.
• Banned the region or country from receiving the
  sacraments, necessary for salvation.

93
The Church had feudal ties

• Boosted wealth power but undermined spiritual
  vitality.
• High church officials were often from the
  nobility. Interfered with duties to the king.
• Nobles donated lands to the church to buy
  salvation.
• Had relatives appointed to church positions who
  were not devoted to church, more about power.

94
AD 900s Church reform

• Began in monasteries, spread through Europe.
• 1059 Pope no longer chosen by the nobles, now
  elected by the cardinals of the Church.
• Pope now appoints bishops other Church
  officials, not the nobles.

95
AD 1073

• Reformist monk Hildebrand becomes Pope Gregory
  VII.

96

• Believed Pope should have complete jurisdiction
  over church officials.
• Opposed to lay investiture. Secular rulers gave
  symbols of office (ring staff) to bishops they
  had appointed.

97
Pope Innocent III

• One of the most powerful popes.
• More reform in 1215.
• Drunkenness, feasting dancing condemned among
  the clergy.

98
Heresy

• Innocent makes rules to stop heresy.
• Denial of basic church teachings.
• Viewed as treason would be today.
• Heretics threatened w/excommunication (expulsion
  from the church), but could also be executed.

99
Innocent sent French knights to crush the
Albigensians. Rejected church sacraments.
100
The Inquisition

• 1232-court set up to punish heretics.
• Must confess heresy and ask forgiveness.
• People accused w/o proof.
• Punishment was loss of property to imprisonment
  to death.
• Needed to save the souls of the heretics.

101
(No Transcript)
102
The Jews

• Jews treatment worsened as power of the Church
  increased.
• Jews were merchants, landowners artisians.
• Jews blamed for plagues, famines other social
  problems.
• False accusations gave mobs reason to attack
  kill thousands of Jews.
• Jews blamed by the Church for the death of Jesus.

103

• Had to wear symbols on clothing to identify them,
  live in segregated communities (ghettos).
• Lost many rights.
• Many Jews expelled. Settled in Eastern Europe
  (Poland).
• Developed thriving communities.

104
Section 4 Rise of European Monarchy

• England
• Abandoned by Rome in AD 400s.
• Invaded by Germanic Angles, Saxons Jutes.
• Took over land from native Celts.

105
King Alfred of Wessex

• Alfred the Great.
• United Anglo-Saxon kingdoms defeated the Danes
  in 886.

106
"Angleland" or England
107
Alfred ruled from 871-899.

• Founded schools and hired scholars to translate
  books from Latin to English.
• Had scholars to write history of England, The
  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

108
Kings after Alfred weak. With death of Edward
the Confessor, 1066, 3 rivals claimed the throne.
109
The Norman Conquest
110
William of Normandy

• William the Conqueror.
• Cousin of Edward, vassal of French King.
• Duke of Normandy.
• Was Illegitimate.

111
Invaded England 1066

• Force of 6,000 soldiers.
• Defeated Harold Godwinson, Anglo-Saxon King of
  England,at Battle of Hastings.
• Victory makes William king.

112
(No Transcript)
113
As king, William kept tight control

• Of Government.
• Took over Anglo-Saxon lands.
• Distributed among vassals.
• Set up council of nobles to advise him.
• Appointed sheriffs to collect taxes.
• 1st census in W. Europe since Roman times.

114
Each person, manor farm animal entered in the
"Domesday Book".
115
Williams court nobles

• French speaking.
• Englands population largely Anglo-Saxon.
• Over next 300 years, French Anglo-Saxon ways
  blended.
• New English culture.

116
Williams successors

• Strengthened the monarchy.
• Henry I-Williams son. 1100-1135.
• Created royal exchequer (treasury) to collect
  taxes.
• Gave greater authority to royal courts.

117
Henry II

• Grandson of Henry I.
• Set up system of common law.
• Used traveling judges to apply law equally
  throughout the country.
• Judges met with grand jury to accuse, petit jury
  to decide guilt or innocence.

118
Henrys plan

• To try clergy in royal courts causes conflict
  with Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury.

119
Becket murdered

• By Henrys knights who believed they were acting
  on the kings behalf.

120
At height of his power

• Henry ruled western France England.
• Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine.
• She was previously married to the French king.
• She controlled lands in southwestern France.

121
Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Henry had a stormy marriage. He kept her in
  prison for a 13 year period.

122
Suspected

• She was plotting with their sons to overthrow his
  rule.
• She was very influential because of her holdings
  in France.
• Mother of Richard I (the lionhearted) John.

123
Richard the lionhearted

• Led the 3rd crusade.
• King Richard at the end of Robin Hood.

124
Richard died childless

• Throne passes to his brother John.
• Very unpopular leader.
• Increased taxes.
• Punished enemies w/o trial.

125
Concerned with loss of rights

• The nobility met at Runnymede in 1215.
• Force John to sign the Magna Carta. (Great
  Charter)
• One of the most important documents in history.

126
Placed clear limits on royal power.
127
Magna Carta

• Prevented the king from collecting taxes w/o
  consent of Great Council.
• Assured free men the right to trial by jury.
• Was meant to protect rights of nobles, but ends
  up guaranteeing rights of all English people.

128
Henry III

• Son of John.
• Middle class emerges from growth of towns.
• Middle class did not fit in medieval social
  order. (nobles, clergy peasants)
• Income from commerce, not land.
• Group plays important role in govt.

129
Henry added knights burgesses (important townsp
eople) to the Great Council.
130
Changed name to PARLIAMENT

• Henrys son Edward I brought in more
  representatives.
• Encouraged Parliament to advise him on business
  matters.
• By 1400, Parliament had split into the House of
  Lords-nobles clergy
• House of Commons-knights burgesses.

131
France

• Also developed strong monarchy during middle
  ages.
• Differed from representative govt. in England.
• After death of Charlemagne, Frankish lands split
  among feudal lords. Independent rulers.

132
Hugh Capet

• Seized French throne in 987.
• Controlled Paris land between Seine Loire
  Rivers in N. France.
• Capetian dynasty lasted for over 300 years.

133
By 1100s

• Capetian kings established principle of oldest
  son inheriting the throne.
• Capetians strengthened the throne, brought nobles
  under royal control.

134
Louis VI

• Used growth of towns to strengthen the throne.
• Gave privileges to townspeople who then owed
  allegiance to him instead on a feudal lord.
• Townspeople clergy given positions on court of
  advisors.
• Towns received self govt.

135
Philip II

• Ruled from 1180-1223.
• Philip Augustus.
• Only 15 when he became king.

136
In power 43 years.

• Doubled size of France.
• Acquired land through marriage and recapturing
  land from England.
• Formed semi-permanent army.
• Further weakened feudal lords.

137
Louis IX

• Grandson of Philip.
• Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts.

138

• Decrees that only the king can mint coins.
• Banned private warfare the bearing arms.
• Very religious man. High moral character.

139
Philip IV

• Grandson of Louis IX.
• Philip the Fair.
• Blond blue eyed.

140

• Increased French territory.
• Defeated both England Flanders in wars.
• Raised taxes to pay for war.
• New tax on the clergy.
• Pope Boniface VIII opposed, but Philip held firm.
• Created Estates General, assembly of nobles,
  clergy townspeople.
• Wanted to tax on a national level.
• Estates General never quite as powerful as
  Parliament.
• French kings kept firm control.

141
Holy Roman Empire

• Title given by Pope, in exchange for King Otto I
  of Germany helping him against Roman nobles.
• Conflicting claims over election of popes
  anointing of kings led to disputes between
  emperors popes.

142

• Holy Roman Emperors lacked a strong state.
• Nobles too strong.
• Challenged imperial power.
• Wars with Slavic states weakened HR emperors
  power.

143
1073 Dispute between Henry IV Pope Gregory VII.
144
Pope condemned

• lay investiture.
• Wants to free the church from secular control.
• Bishops supported Henry, so he refuses to stop.
• Pope deposes Henry.
• Henry must give in.

145

• Henry seeks forgiveness.
• Showed repentance by standing at the castle gate
  for 3 days begging for mercy.
• Gregory pardons Henry.
• Struggle resumes later.

146
Concordat of Worms

• 1122.
• Agreement between Church officials Holy Roman
  emperor.

147

• Allowed the emperor to name bishops grant them
  land.
• Pope can reject unworthy candidates.
• Struggles would continue between Popes monarchs
  over power territory.

148

• Strength of monarchies threatens power of the
  Church, and paves the way for other changes in
  Europe.