Principles of Ecology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 36
About This Presentation
Title:

Principles of Ecology

Description:

Make your own food web. 3 types of Ecological Pyramids ... 7. Rain Forest (Tropical and Temperate) Lots of rainfall 75 to 150 inches/year. Warm and humid ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:29
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 37
Provided by: tara9
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Principles of Ecology


1
Principles of Ecology
  • Define Ecology
  • It is the study of the interactions of organisms
    with one another and their surroundings.
  • Ecology is Greek for oikos which means house or
    household.
  • Biosphere is the part of the earth in which life
    occurs.

2
  • What is a population?
  • of a specific species in a given area.
  • What is a community?
  • All the populations in a given area.
  • Ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic
    factors that surrounds organisms and affects
    their way of life.
  • Organism ? Population ? Communities? Ecosystems?
    Biosphere (pg. 59)

3
Ecosystem
  • What are some examples of abiotic factors?
  • Precipitation, sunlight, weather, temp., ect.
  • What are some examples of biotic factors?
  • Animals, plants, fungus, algae, bacteria

4
  • What is a habitat?
  • A physical area in which an organism lives.
  • If you destroy or change the habitat an organism
    lives in, then you affect the organism itself.
  • Niche the way of life of a species
  • Ex. A birds beak for cracking seeds or tearing
    meat are niches for birds.

5
Producers Consumers
  • What are producers?
  • Organisms able to make their own food.
  • These are autotrophs (plants)
  • What is a consumer?
  • Organisms that get their energy either directly
    or indirectly from producers.

6
3 types of consumers
  • 1. Primary consumer ? Herbivores
  • 2. Secondary consumer ? Carnivores
  • 3. Tertiary consumers ? Top Carnivores (feed on
    secondary consumers)
  • Omnivores eat consumers producers.
  • Scavengers feed on dead organisms.

7
  • Decomposers obtain their energy from non-living
    organic matter.
  • Trophic levels are feeding levels that each
    organism is categorized into.
  • 1st trophic level ? producer
  • 2nd trophic level ? herbivore
  • 3rd trophic level ? consumer

8
Food Chain
  • What is a food chain
  • A specific sequence in which organisms obtain
    energy in an ecosystem.
  • Usually only 4 to 5 levels
  • The 1st level has the most energy and energy is
    lost as it keeps moving up energy levels.
  • Make your own food chain

9
Food Web
  • What is a food web?
  • It is an interrelated sequence of food chains.
  • More than 1 species of can eat different species.
  • This occurs more frequently
  • Make your own food web.

10
3 types of Ecological Pyramids
  • An ecological pyramid is used to represent the
    energy relationships among trophic levels.
  • 1. Energy Pyramid
  • Shows the total amount of incoming energy at each
    trophic level.
  • 2. Biomass Pyramid
  • Shows the total mass of living tissue at each
    level.

11
  • 3 Numbers Pyramid
  • Illustrates the total number of organisms at each
    trophic level.
  • 3 Biogeochemical Cycles
  • 1. Water cycle
  • 2. Nitrogen cycle
  • 3. Carbon cycle

12
Ch. 4 - Ecological Succession
  • This is where an existing community is gradually
    replaced by another community.
  • 2 types of successions
  • 1. Primary an area that has never supported
    life before.
  • Ex. Volcanic island, retreating glaciers
  • 2. Secondary an area that has supported
    previous life. Ex. Abandoned farmland

13
  • Climax community is a relatively stable
    collection of plants and animals.
  • A balance in nature
  • Ecological successions will usually lead to a
    climax community.
  • Ex. An abandoned plowed field will eventually
    grow back to prairie grassland, which is what the
    field was originally.

14
2 Main Types of Biomes
  • 1. Terrestrial Biomes Land
  • 2. Aquatic Biomes Water
  • What is a Biome?
  • It is an environment that has a characteristic
    climax community.

15
Terrestrial Biomes
  • 1. Polar Biome ice
  • Surround North and South poles.
  • Mainly penguins
  • Coldest biome little if any precipitation
  • 2. Tundra
  • Nearly treeless area that is covered by mosses,
    lichens, and grasses
  • Permafrost soil a layer of permanently frozen
    subsoil

16
  • Undergoes a freezing and thawing cycle. This
    stunts any plant growth.
  • Caribou, reindeer, wolves, polar bears, ducks,
    geese.
  • 3. Taiga (Coniferous forest)
  • Dominated by conifers(pines, firs, spruce)
  • Occurs in many of the higher elevations of many
    mountain ranges in the U.S.

17
  • Cold winters, but mild enough winters to allow
    many plants and animals to reproduce.
  • Moose, elk, bears, mountain goats, ect.
  • 4. Deciduous Forest
  • Along the eastern coast of the U.S. and southern
    coast of Canada.
  • Known for its changing seasons (autumn)

18
  • Humus soil layer has an abundance of organic
    nutrients from decaying leaves. Very fertile
    soil.
  • Mountain lions, chipmunks, squirrels, raccoons,
    opossums, foxes, deer
  • 5. Grassland (4 main types)
  • 1. Plains Prairies North America
  • 2. Steppes Soviet Union
  • 3. Veldt South America
  • 4. Pampas - Argentina

19
  • Characteristics of the Prairie
  • Hot summers and cold winters
  • Heavily farmed
  • A variety of grasses and leafy plants
  • Grazing mammals gopher, deer, mice, rats,
    rabbits, turtles, buffalo, skunks
  • 6. Desert
  • Little rainfall less than 10 inches/year

20
  • Usually hot and dry
  • Little vegetation
  • Lizards, scorpions, snakes
  • 7. Rain Forest (Tropical and Temperate)
  • Lots of rainfall 75 to 150 inches/year
  • Warm and humid
  • Most diverse biome with various plants animals.
    Many organisms unnamed.

21
  • Temperate rainforests occur from central
    California to southern Alaska.
  • Redwood forest and spruces.
  • Rains a lot in Washington and Oregon.

22
Aquatic Biomes (3 types)
  • 1. Marine
  • Ocean water habitats
  • 2 main zones
  • 1. Photic zone where light penetrates (about
    200m deep)
  • 2. Aphotic zone where light doesnt penetrate
    (more than 200m deep)

23
  • Most organisms in the marine biome live in the
    intertidal zone. The intertidal zone grows and
    shrinks as the tides move in and out with high
    low tides.
  • 2. Freshwater Biome
  • Rivers, streams, lakes
  • Use for drinking for organisms and life for
    organisms.

24
  • 2 types of lakes and ponds
  • 1. Eutrophic lakes
  • Rich in organic matter vegetation.
  • 2. Oligotrophic lakes
  • Little organic matter. Clear water
  • 3. Estuaries
  • It is a mixture of freshwater and salt water.

25
  • Where would estuaries be found?
  • Great for fish, shrimp, and crabs.
  • As young mature they journey out into the open
    sea and then return to the estuaries to lay their
    young.

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com