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DEAF EDUCATION

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Founded by the Abbe de l'Epee in Paris, France. ... Laurent Clerc grew up in Paris, France. ... Clerc was educated at the Paris School for the Deaf, which was ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: DEAF EDUCATION


1
DEAF EDUCATION
  • History

2
Education for the Deaf began in the 1400s
1500s
  • Members of royalty and the very wealthy hired
    private tutors to teach deaf children to read and
    write. Literacy was required in order to own
    property or to inherit property
  • Average citizens had no educational opportunities
    for their deaf children.

3
Early efforts focused on lipreading and speaking
  • Germany, Spain, France and Great Britain had all
    begun efforts to instruct deaf people by the
    1600s.
  • These efforts were focused on teaching a deaf
    person to lipread and speak.

4
The Worlds First Free School for the Deaf
  • Founded by the Abbe de lEpee in Paris, France.
    The school opened in 1775 and used a manual
    language (FSL).
  • The Abbe had met deaf people who communicated
    through manual/gestural methods and he recognized
    this as the way to teach deaf people.

5
Two Philosophies Emerge
  • Two approaches to the education of the deaf are
    now in use.
  • One method focuses on speech and lipreading.
  • One method focuses on education through the use
    of sign systems.

6
Laurent Clerc
  • Laurent Clerc grew up in Paris, France. He was
    born hearing, but became deaf at a very young
    age.
  • Clerc was educated at the Paris School for the
    Deaf, which was a boarding school.
  • The Paris School used FSL as the language of
    instruction communication.

7
Thomas Gallaudet
  • Thomas Gallaudet, a young hearing man in
    Hartford, Connecticut becomes interested in
    teaching the deaf due to his 5 year old deaf
    neighbor, Alice Cogswell.
  • Alices father is wealthy and sends Gallaudet to
    Europe to learn of methods for teaching deaf
    students.

8
Education in Europe
  • Gallaudet first travels to London to visit the
    Braidwood School for the deaf.
  • Here deaf children are taught to lipread and
    speak.
  • The deaf children are instructed in only oral
    methods.
  • The Braidwoods will not tell Gallaudet how to
    teach deaf children this way.

9
A Public Demonstration in London
  • At a public demonstration in the city of London,
    Gallaudet watches as deaf students from the Paris
    School for the Deaf respond to signed questions
    and show their intellectual knowledge. Impressed
    by their skills he travels to Paris and to the
    school for the deaf there.

10
The Paris School for the Deaf
  • While visiting the Paris School for the Deaf,
    Gallaudet is able to see how a sign language
    system can be used to instruct deaf students.
  • Gallaudet meets Laurent Clerc who by this time
    has become a teacher at the school. Clerc is
    fluent in FSL and in the written French language.

11
Clerc comes to America
  • Laurent Clerc agrees to come to America with
    Gallaudet.
  • Together they open the first school for deaf
    students in America in Hartford, Connecticut on
    April 15, 1817.

12
The First School for the Deaf in America
  • Deaf students from the New England area enroll in
    this school. This is a boarding school.
  • Laurent Clerc is the first teacher.
  • He teaches there for 40 years using his native
    FSL.

13
The Birthplace of ASL
  • The American Deaf students come to this school
    with some signs gestures they have used at
    home.
  • They learn many new signs from Clerc.
  • They use some of FSL signs and create new signs
    at the school.

14
ASL becomes the standard language
  • Eventually FSL evolves so that a new and separate
    language is used at the school in Hartford. It
    is ASL.
  • Deaf students complete their education and help
    to open many more Deaf schools across the U.S.

15
MSAD
  • The Minnesota Academy for the Deaf is opened in
    1861 in Fairbault.
  • These boarding schools for deaf children are
    called institutions or residential schools.

16
Across the Nation
  • Eventually every state in the nation has at least
    one public residential school for Deaf Students.
  • These schools are state supported, and do not
    charge families tuition.

17
Times Were Good
  • In the early years of Deaf Education in America
    the achievement level was quite similar to the
    achievement of hearing students.
  • We were a largely agricultural and then an
    industrial society.

18
Economy of the Times
  • During these years many US children (deaf or
    hearing) could survive with an 8th grade
    graduation.
  • The residential schools prepared Deaf high
    schoolers with job skills, and vocational
    education.

19
The Dark Ages
  • In 1880 an international convention of Educators
    of the Deaf was held in Milan, Italy. This
    convention was attended by Deaf and Hearing
    educators of Deaf Children.

20
Opposition to Signing
  • Although many American schools were using ASL,
    there were many people involved in the education
    of the Deaf around the world that opposed sign
    languages

21
A Resolution Passed
  • A proposal was made and a vote was taken in the
    absence of all deaf delegates that the
    instruction of the deaf should be only through
    oral methods. Signing was to be abolished in
    classrooms for deaf children.

22
Oralism Replaced Signing
  • Throughout the world and throughout the U.S. most
    schools for the deaf switched to a more oral
    approach. Deaf teachers were replaced with
    hearing teachers.

23
Achievement of Deaf Students Declines
  • Because young deaf children were now being
    expected to learn to lipread and speak their
    level of academic achievement started to decline.
  • Huge amounts of class time was spent on speech
    drills, not academics.

24
Deaf Kids Lose Ground
  • Deaf students could no longer understand their
    teachers.
  • Teachers could not understand the deaf students.
  • Deaf kids fail to achieve academically.

25
Curriculum is Watered -down
  • Because the Deaf students were not making
    academic achievement the curriculum taught was
    altered to a watered-down, overly simplified
    level creating greater gaps between deaf and
    hearing students achievement levels.

26
Deaf Schools
  • Most of the deaf students in the US do, at this
    time, attend residential schools.
  • Local schools are not required to provide any
    special education services for students with
    disabilities.

27
Education for All HC Children
  • In 1975 US Congress passes a law that states all
    handicapped children are entitled to a free and
    appropriate education in the least restrictive
    environment.
  • Local schools must now provide services for all
    students with disabilities.

28
Placement Options
  • The preferred placement for students with
    disabilities is the regular education classroom
    in the local public school.
  • Support services are provided as determined by
    the individual students particular needs.

29
Mainstreaming
  • Placing students with disabilities into regular
    education classrooms in the local school is
    called mainstreaming or inclusion or integration.
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