THREE MAJOR ISSUES OF

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THREE MAJOR ISSUES OF WATER AFFAIRS IN MYANMAR
PRESENTED BY KHIN MAUNG THEIN MYANMAR
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(No Transcript)
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About Myanmar
latitudes 9º10 28º 31 N longitude 92º 10
101º 11 E Total land area - 678,000 sq-km
(261,789 sq-mile) north to south -1931 km (1200
mile) east to west - 925 km (575
mile) Population 55 million
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Introduction
Rich in water resources Normal rainfall -
600-4800 mm Weather, topography, tropical
forest, rivers, lakes and mountains (does not
suffer so much and severely from natural
disasters such as storm, flood and earthquake)
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Water Management
Numerous irrigation facilities have been
implemented and inaugurated during the present
decade for irrigation and water supply to develop
rural and urban areas.
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Water Management
Various irrigation projects were implemented
after the independence Government put forward
continuous efforts in the construction of dams
and reservoirs throughout the country -
utilizing large capital investment - man power
- machineries making use of the available
domestic resources and expertise Irrigation
facilities now exit in groups in localized zones
throughout the country.
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Water Management
Irrigation projects completed 184 (1988-89 to
2006) Irrigation coverage increased from 12.5
to 19.1 (sown area,1987-88 up to 2003-2004).
Rural water supply is effective to 14.9 million
out of 32.5 million rural populace.
Construction of dams and weirs, establishment
of 271 river pump stations and 7478 of tube wells
were made for rural water supply and agricultural
use.
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Surface and Ground water use
Several government agencies and departments under
different ministries Cooperation and
coordination among water related agencies is main
issues for the proper management of water
resources.
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Myanmar Average Annual Water Resources Potential
by River Basin
Ground water domestic water supply, irrigation
purpose
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Flood in Myanmar
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• Ayeyarwady _4 stations (new record) 20
  station(1974)
• Chindwin _1 station (new record) 18 stations
  (1976)
• Ayeyarwady _ 2 stations (new record) 14
  stations(1979)
• Chindwin _ 1 station (new record) 16 stations
  (1991)
• Sittaung _ 3 stations (new record) 19 stations
  (1997)
• Chindwin _ 2 stations (new record) (2002)
• Thanlwin _ 1 station (new record) (2002)
• Ayeyarwady _5 stations (new record) 21 stations
  (2004)

15 stations
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Map showing the regions for natural watershed
Min Max Discharge (m3/sec)
1119
20803
509
29100
516
30180
1148
62850
4760
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20940
of Flood Occurrence
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Long-term Programs for Flood Prevention
Control the flow of the rivers and release of
discharge Plan to implement on the tributaries
of the rivers - Kinda Reservoir Project on
Panlaung River (tributary of the Ayeyarwady
River) - Thapanseik Reservoir Project on Mu
River (trubutary of the Ayeyarwady
River) - Panunglaung Reservoir Project on
Sittoung River - Yeywa Hydroelectronic Power
Project on Myitnge River (tributary of the
Ayeyarwady River) - Tamanthi Dam, Hydro Power
and Multipurpose Project on Chindwin River
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After completion of these projects the effects of
disastrous flood mitigation to a greater
extent Control Basin Erosion - by
reforestation in the basin, training the farmers
in the hilly region to adopt terrace and
contour ploughing - Using systematic methods of
logging in lumber Industry
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Strategies and Options for Flood Management
Reducing Flooding Dams and reservoirs Dikes,
levees, and flood embankments High flow
diversions Catchment managements Reduction
susceptibility Flood plain regulation of
damage Development and redevelopment
policies Design and location of
facilities Housing and building codes,
Flood-proofing Flood forecasting and
warning Mitigating the impacts Information and
education of flooding Disaster
preparedness Post flood recovery, Flood
insurance Preserving the natural resources Flood
plain zoning and regulation of Flood Plains
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Water Pollution

• Pollution occurs in rivers when substances are
  added to the environment causing detrimental
  alteration to its physical, chemical, biological
  or aesthetic characteristics
• Become endanger to people and environment
• in near future.
• Main source of water for water supply system in
• rural and urban is generally taken from rivers
• and streams.
• Necessary to consider the major causes of
• water pollution in rivers and streams.

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Water Pollution
Main pollutants of concern are

• sediment
• nutrients
• pesticides
• fertilizers
• salinity
• sea water intrusion
• pathogens
• organic material
• heavy metals
• other toxic chemicals.

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Water Pollution

• The surface water pollution is basically linked
  with gross in adequacy of environmental
  sanitations.
• The potential of pollution contributed by
  runoff water originating from rural communities
  cattle farming and agricultural drainage should
  not be under estimated and hence lost sight of
  it.
• Using fertilizers, pesticides and other
  chemicals in agriculture is bound to create
  impact on river water quality during floods
  through surface wash-off and during non-monsoon
  periods through leaching and seepage. Direct
  discharge of effluents of industries such as
  paper making industries, textile and food
  processing industries, is another factor causing
  river water pollution.

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Stations Map of Water Quality Collection

• (24) monitoring stations are established
• (12) parameters are used for river water
  quality surveillance and monitoring system along
  4 main rivers, 6 tributaries and a lake.

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Water Quality Measurement

• Started since 1999
• Twice a year in the low flow and flood period
• Sampling by using Depth Integration and Point
  Total Method

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Water Quality Measurement
1999 (12) Parameters including Bacteria in
(17)Stations 2000 (12) Parameters in
(18)Stations, added measurement of Chloride,
but couldnt measure Bacteria 2001 (12)
Parameters in (12)Stations 2003 (12)
Parameters in (9)Stations, added measurement of
DO but not Ammonia
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Myanmar Rivers
Nitrate content - ( 0 0.38) mg/L Iron
content - (1.53 2.73) mg/L Chloride content
- (0 2.05) mg/L Hardness - (0 165) mg/L
Fluoride - (0.7 1.15) mg/L Ammonia - (0
0.83 mg/L NH3) Dissolved Oxygen - (3.22 8.2)
mg/L Salinity intrusion - (0.3 0.5) mg/L
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Thank you for your kind attention