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Physiological Aspects of Sensory Pleasure In Foods

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Title: Physiological Aspects of Sensory Pleasure In Foods


1
Physiological Aspects of Sensory PleasureIn
Foods
  • By
  • Steven A. Witherly, PhD
  • Bob Hyde, PhD

2
Outline of Talk
  • Sensory Pleasure (Hedonics) defined
  • Hedonics Measurement
  • Hedonic Effectors(s)
  • Physiology of Sensory Hedonics
  • Taste/Smell/Vision/Texture
  • Hedonic Modulators

3
Nutrition and Taste
  • No food or beverage, no matter how healthful,
    will provide benefit...if it is unpalatable and
    thus unconsumed...Consumers have told us loudly
    and clearly that flavor is paramount in the
    enjoyment of food.

Dr. Beauchamp, March 9, 1999 Washington USDA
Conference
4
Hedonic
  • Derived from a Greek root (hedone) that means
  • Sweet Taste (Honey, Figs)
  • Pleasant
  • Hedonics is the occurrence of pleasure, i.e.
    Sensory thrill (Booth)
  • Innate learned mechanisms!!!

5
Pain Pleasure
  • Pain/Pleasure required for instinctual and
    acquired strategies
  • Pain/Pleasure have innate rules (dispositions)
  • Pleasure and pain reduction are separate but
    linked
  • ? Body state Pain/Pleasure
  • More pain than pleasure (survival)

Damasio INDescartes Error (1994)
6
Pain/Pleasure
  • Essential role in human life
  • No treatise is available, little data
  • Most primitive part of nervous system (Limbic)
  • Distinct system ALWAYS linked to reinforcement

Bull. Acad. Natl. Med., 1831111 (99)
7
Flavor Processing
  • Flavor Processing involves cortical gustatory
    area plus amygdaloid and basal forebrain nuclei
  • Flavor Taste Smell (Vision)

Small et al., Neuroreport 83913, (1997)
8
Hedonics (?)
serotonin
  • Liking pleasure/palatability
    opioid/GABA/ benzodiazepine
  • Wanting appetite/incentive motivation MF
    Bundle
  • Separate neural substrates
  • Wanting/Liking can exist w/o awareness
  • /- hedonics may be two separate systems.

Berridge Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 201 (96)
9
Hedonics (?)
  • Feelings Measurement
  • Hedonics Liking (pleasure)
  • Incentive Drive Wanting (Go for it)
  • Orosensation Trigeminal Response
  • Satiety Value Palatability (Gut)

10
Sense of Taste
  • Motivates and Directs Ingestion
  • Differentiates toxins from nutrients
  • Nutrition repletion causes hedonic appeal

Bitter Sweetness (Bad) toxins (Good)
Scott, Prog. Psychobiol. Physiol. Psy., 15231
(92)
11
Dopamine and Hedonics
  • Draws attention to Salient
  • Events
  • Enhances Sensory Awareness
  • Short Term Pleasure
  • Neurotransmitter

Gray et al., Science, 278, 1997
12
Medial Forebrain Bundle
13
Hedonic Modulators
  • Capsaicin (Peppers)
  • Beta-casomorphins (cheese)
  • Benzodiazepine-Like Derivatives
  • Taste Modifiers
  • 5 Nucleotides L-Dopa
  • MSG Aspartame
  • Maltol Derivatives Garlic cmpds
  • Di-Tri Peptides Lactones

14
Fat Taste I
  • Orosensory Perception Feel
  • Fat, Fatty Acids activate taste cells in tongue,
    throat and upper third of the esophagussending
    pleasurable signals to brain.
  • Fat Wide Range of textures (creamy)

15
Fat Taste II
  • INTRA duodenal infusion of lipid decreased PBN
    response to sucrose and NaCl - best neurons.
  • Short latency effects (rats)
  • Intestinal fat has specific suppressive effects
    on palatable food.

Hajnal et al., J. Neurosci., 197182 (99)
16
Fat Taste IIIa
  • Primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) site of
    convergence for taste, olfaction somatosensory
    areas.
  • Neurons respond to the oral texture of fat (Real
    Silicone oil)

17
Fat Taste IIIb
  • Neurons response during feeding but not
    new foods (SSS)
  • Therefore Reward value of the mouthfeel of fat
    isin the primate OFC.

Rolls et al, J. Neurosci., 191532 (99)
18
Leptin Pleasure and Fat
  • Leptin is a link between the brain
    pleasurable effects of eating
  • Inc. Leptin self stimulation
  • Dec. Leptin NPY galanin Eating
    Starvation
  • Leptin also modifies opioid reward

Science, 287125 (2000)
19
Odor Hedonics I
  • About 1000 receptors/respond in distinct
    combinations (code)
  • Primary Pathways are hedonic
  • Hedonic Perception in Right Hemisphere
  • Odor Memory in Left Hemisphere
  • Odor Hedonically variable

Dr. Linda Buck, Cell, 961 (99)
20
Odor Hedonics II
  • Odors always linked to an emotional response.
  • Greater variety of stock negative emotions than
    pleasant.
  • Good aromas combine w/ taste pathways insula
    processing.
  • Bad Odors Lights up the motor cortex.

J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 751176 (1999)
21
Odors/Emotions/ANS
  • Odors Emotions CNS Response
  • Possible to link ANS response to odor for Anger,
    Fear, Sadness, Surprise, Disgust, Happiness
  • Objective measurement possible!!!

Vernet-Maury, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 15176 (99)
22
Aroma Epigenetic Programs
  • May be preprogrammed odor responses E Epigenetic
    Fruity means Vitamin C
  • Odors E ANS Responses
  • Objective Brain Measured Sensory Evaluation?

23
Aromas Brain Stimulation
  • Aromas Orbitofrontal Cortex (Right)
  • Repeat Testing activity
  • Trigeminal Aromas Widespread brain activation.
  • Repeat Testing activity

? Aroma Trigeminal Aromas 6X Activation
Yousem, Radiology, 204 833 (97)
24
TrigeminalAroma
Aroma Only
Methylsalicylate
Rosemary
25
Sensory Specific Satiety
  • Change in hedonics, not intensity, through
    exposure to sensory stimuli
  • Repeated tastings reduce food pleasantness
  • Sensory Specific (Taste, Aroma, Visual)

E.T. Barb Rolls
26
Super Normal Stimulus (SS)
  • 1. Increased attention to stimuli that are
    scarce and essential
  • 2. When SS are present -- an exaggerated
    arousal and consummatory response
  • 3. SS is innate and resistant to extinction

E.O. Wilson Consilience, 1998
27
Typical Reaction to a
SuperNormal Stimulus
28
Creation of a
SuperNormal Stimulus
29
Oreo Hedonics
  • Sensory Contrasts (Hyde I.C.E.)
  • Taste/Texture/Aroma/Color
  • Cocoa bitterness
  • Additional arousal when Safe to Eatlearned

30
Sensory Variability
  • We live in our own sensory world - individual
    differences in sensory functioningeven with
    simple aromas and flavorswill not be similarly
    perceived as acceptable.

David Mela, Prepared Foods, July, 1996
31
Supertasters and Pleasure I
  • Individuals sensitive to PROP
  • Groups non, medium, supertasters
  • ST sweetness, bitterness, general
    orosensation
  • Hedonic variability among groups
  • Linked with Food aversions
  • Bitter vegetable rejection

Bartoshuk, Neurosci Biobeh. Review 2079
(96) Drewnowski, Ann. NY.Acad. Aci., 855797 (98)
32
Supertasters and Pleasure II
  • Greater density of fungiform papillae
  • Greater trigeminal innovation
  • Greater FAT mouthfeel perception

Tepper, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 855802 (98)
33
Taste Hedonics...
Pregnancy...
34
Hedonics Taste Pregnancy
  • Hedonics change to support healthy pregnancy.
  • Bitter perception. Changes in NaCl ( ),
    Sour ( ) and Bitter ( ) changes support a
    varied diet

Duffy Bartoshuk, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 855805
(98)
35
Marijuana Hedonics
  • Taking marinol (tm) or Joints did not change
    intensity or hedonics ratings.
  • Salivary rates reduced
  • Recent studies show THC reduces self stimulation
    threshold. (MFB)

Mattes. Chemical Senses, 19125 (94)
36
Hedonics and Satiety
  • Hedonic ratings subject to sensory deprivation
  • Food reward When hungry
  • Alliesthesiagtgthis term

Cabanac, Physiol. Behav., 67, 409, 99
37
Hedonics Emotion
  • Hedonic eating was rated higher during joy than
    other emotions.

Macht, Appetite, 33129 (99)
38
Hedonics Aging
  • Oral disease
  • Taste buds
  • Sense of smell
  • Neg. influence of drugs

Ship, Physiol. Behav., 66209 (99) See also
Schiffman reviews
39
Hedonics Exercise
  • Exercise Perceived pleasantness of foods.

Blundell, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 52300 (98)
40
Hedonics Drugs
  • Opioids / Benzodiazepines Hedonics
  • Antidepressants often affects taste responses (
    )
  • Antibiotics can cause dysgeusias

See Schiffman for Reviews
41
Hedonics Opiate Peptides
  • Naloxone (Opioids Antagonist) and opiate agonist
    butorphanol in 16 obese 25 normal weight
  • Naloxone hedonic response in subject groups
  • No effect on discrimination Intensity!

Drewnowski, AJCN 611206 (95) Arbisi, Appetite
32241 (99)
42
SSRIs and Therapeutics
  • Prozac Depression/Energizing/ SE
  • Zoloft Depression/ SE
  • Paxil Depression/Anxiety/ SE
  • Serzone Depression/Anxiety/ SE
  • Effexor Severe Depression/ SE
  • SJW Depression/Anxiety/ NO SE

SE is Side Effects
43
Salivation Hedonics
  • As SSS salivation slows
  • Salivation w/ new foods
  • Salivation greater with trigeminal stimulants
  • Salivation linked with pleasure

Wisienewski, Psychosom. Med. 59 427, 1997
44
Real Hedonic Scale
Lo Pleasure Hi Lo Pain Hi Lo Wanting
Hi Lo Satiety Hi
45
Conclusions
  • Hedonic measurements are affected by many
    physiological
  • parameters that may be difficult to control.
  • Aroma perception highly idiosyncratic and
    unpredictable
  • but very permanent once formed.
  • Brain has separate neural systems for pain,
    pleasure,
  • wanting and satiety. Which one does hedonics
    measure?
  • We dont really know.
  • Although a simple hedonic 9-point scale is the
    most widely
  • used sensory test, it may be woefully biased
    and not reflect
  • the true pleasure of the food at that moment of
    tasting.
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