The Crystal Palace Exposition, London, 1851

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The Crystal Palace Exposition, London, 1851
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The Hall of Machines
The Universal Exposition in Paris, 1889
George Seurat, The Eiffel Tower, 1889
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Palace of Electricity, Universal Exposition,
Paris, 1900
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Temple of Ankor Wat (Parc des Invalides)
Universal Exposition, Paris 1889
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Senegalese group (Parc des Invalides) Universal
Exposition 1889
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The Scramble for Africa 1869 Suez Canal
complete 1882 Bombardment of Alexandria 1884-85
Mahdi uprising in Sudan 1885 Congress of
Berlin 1896 Battle of Adowa 1897 Fashoda
Incident 1899-1902 Boer War
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1839 Opium war (British in China) 1857 Sepoy
Mutiny (India) 1894-95 Sino-Japanese war
1898 Spanish American War 1899 Open Door Policy
in China 1900 Boxer Rebellion
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Ernst Haeckel, Die Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte
(Natural History of Creation) 1870
The civilizing motive was renewed when
evolutionary science, applied to racial
differences among humans, classified Africans as
a developmentally inferior race." Arthur de
Gobineau, Essay on the inequality of the Human
Races, 1855
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History shows me one way, and one way only, in
which a high state of civilization has been
produced, namely, the struggle of race with race,
and the survival of the physically and mentally
fitter race. If you want to know whether the
lower races of man can evolve a higher type, I
fear the only course is to leave them to fight it
out among themselves There is a struggle of
race against race and of nation against nation.
In the early days of that struggle it was a
blind, unconscious struggle of barbaric tribes.
At the present day, in the case of the civilized
white man, it has become more and more the
conscious, carefully directed attempt of the
nation to fit itself to a continuously changing
environment. The nations has to foresee how and
where the struggle will be carried on the
maintenance of national position is becoming more
and more a conscious preparation for changing
conditions, an insight into the needs of coming
environments. Karl Pearson, National Life From
the Standpoint of Science, 1900
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The Civilizing Mission
The superior races have a right over the
inferior races because they have a duty. They
have the duty to civilize the inferior races. I
maintain that European nations acquit themselves
with generosity, with grandeur, and with
sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. A
navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors,
defenses, supply centers on the high sea In
Europe such as it is today, in this competition
of the many rivals we see rising up around
us...by military or naval improvements...by a
constantly growing population...a policy of
withdrawal or abstention is simply the high road
to decadence! In our time nations are great only
through the activity they deploy. Jules Ferry,
Prime Minister of France, 1884
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 Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth
the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to
exile To serve your captives' need To
wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and
wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.   Take up the White
Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the
sickness cease And when your goal is
nearest The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your
hopes to nought.   Rudyard Kipling, The White
Man's Burden, 1899
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The civilizing mission consumerism, hygiene,
and Pears Soap
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Orientalism
Jean-Léon Gérôme Harem Pool, 1876
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Leopold II of Belgium
The Belgian Congo c. 1905
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Russian Peasants after Emancipation in 1861
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The Putilov Steelworks, Petrograd c. 1914
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Krupp Gunworks at Essen c 1914
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Otto von Bismarck
Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Impressionism
Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876
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Edgar Degas, The Absinthe Drinker, 1875
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Claude Monet, Paintings of the Cathedral of
Rouen, 1894
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Paul Cezanne, Mont Saint-Victoire, 1900
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Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907
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The Futurists War
Gino Severini, Armoured Train1915
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F. T. Marinetti, The Manifesto of Futurism
(1909) 1. We want to sing the love of danger,
the habit of energy and rashness. 2. The
essential elements of our poetry will be courage,
audacity and revolt. 3. We want to exalt
movements of aggression, feverish sleeplessness,
the double march, the perilous leap, the slap and
the blow with the fist. 4. We declare that the
splendor of the world has been enriched by a new
beauty the beauty of speed. A racing automobile
with its bonnet adorned with great tubes like
serpents with explosive breath ... a roaring
motor car which seems to run on machine-gun fire,
is more beautiful than the Victory of
Samothrace. ... 7. Beauty exists only in
struggle. ... 9. We want to glorify
war - the only cure for the world - militarism,
patriotism, the destructive gesture of the
anarchists, the beautiful ideas which kill, and
contempt for woman. 11. We will sing of the
great crowds agitated by work, pleasure and
revolt the multi-colored and polyphonic surf of
revolutions in modern capitals the nocturnal
vibration of the arsenals and the workshops
beneath their violent electric moons... It is in
Italy that we are issuing this manifesto of
ruinous and incendiary violence, by which we
today are founding Futurism
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Berlin, August 1914
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There's a breathless hush in the close
to-night Ten to make and the match to win A
bumping pitch and a blinding light, An hour to
play, and the last man in. And it's not for the
sake of a ribboned coat. Or the selfish hope of a
season's fame, But his captain's hand on his
shoulder smote "Play up! Play up! And play the
game!" The sand of the desert is sodden
red- Red with the wreck of the square that
broke The gatling's jammed and the colonel
dead, And the regiment blind with dust and
smoke. The river of death has brimmed its
banks, And England's far and Honor a name, But
the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks- "Play
up! Play up! And play the game!" Sir Henry
Newbolt Vitaï Lampada (1898) (Written in the
time of the Boer War)
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Gustave Klimt, Hope, 1903
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Edvard Munch, Vampire, 1895.
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June, 1913 Emily Davison threw herself under
the Kings Horse at the Epsom Derby
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The Image of God in a Gas Mask from Ernst
Friedrichs War Against War, 1924
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"Thanks be to God. givst thou a mite be it neer
so small thou shalt be blessed by God."
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Max Beckmann, Die Granate (Shell), 1915,
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Otto Dix, Soldier in Agony, 1924
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Otto Dix, Prague Street, 1920.
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from Ernst Friedrichs War Against War, 1924
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Sigmund Freud, Thoughts for the Times on War
and Death, 1915. We cannot but feel that no
event has ever destroyed so much that is precious
in the common possessions of humanity, confused
so many of the clearest intelligences, or so
thoroughly debased what is highest. We had
expected the great world-dominating nations of
white race upon whom the leadership of the human
species has fallen ... to succeed in
discovering another way of settling
misunderstandings and conflicts of interest.
Within each of these nations there prevailed high
norms of moral conduct for the individual, to
which his manner of life was bound to conform if
he desired to take part in a civilized community.
These ordinances, often too stringent, demanded a
great deal of him much self-restraint, much
renunciation of instinctual satisfaction....
The civilized states regarded these moral
standards as the basis of their existence. ...
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Two things in this war have aroused our sense of
disillusionment the low morality shown
externally by states which in their internal
relations pose as the guardians of moral
standards, and the brutality shown by individuals
whom, as participants in the highest human
civilization, one would not have thought capable
of such behaviour. ... In reality, there is
no such thing as 'eradicating' evil tendencies.
Psychological - or, more strictly speaking,
psycho-analytic - investigation shows instead
that the deepest essence of human nature consists
of instinctual impulses which are of an
elementary nature, which are similar in all men
and which aim at the satisfaction of certain
primal needs.... We may already derive one
consolation from this discussion our
mortification and our painful disillusionment on
account of the uncivilized behaviour of our
fellow-citizens of the world during this war were
unjustified. They were based on an illusion to
which we had given way. In reality our
fellow-citizens have not sunk so low as we
feared, because they had never risen so high as
we believed. ... It is just as though when it
becomes a question of a number of people, not to
say millions, all individual moral acquisitions
were obliterated, and only the most primitive.
the oldest, the crudest mental attitudes were
left.
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Andre Breton
Dada and Surrealism
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Rasputin
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Russian Revolution Feb-Oct, 1917
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Joseph Stalin
V.I. Lenin
Leon Trotsky
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Constructivism Art in the Service of Revolution
Rodschenkos Young Pioneer, 1930
Stenberg Brothers poster for The Traitor, 1926
Tatlins Monument to the Third International, 1921
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Soviet Pavilion, International Expo, Paris, 1937
Socialist Realism
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Leon Blum and the Popular Front in France
Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
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Hyper inflation in Germany
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Hitler and Paul von Hindenburg, Jan 1933
Reichstag fire, Feb 27, 1933
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Albert Speer, German Pavilion, International
Expo, Paris, 1937
Leni Riefenstahl filming Olympia 1936
Arno Breker, Readiness, 1939
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Nazi Exposition of Degenerate Art, 1937
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Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937
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