Mobile Sources and Air Toxics Exposure

1
Mobile Sources and Air Toxics Exposure
DRAFT
Timothy J. Buckley Associate Professor Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

• MIT Air Toxics Symposium
• August 4, 2004
• Endicott House, Boston, MA

2
The Exposure Black Box
DRAFT
Hotspots? Susceptible individuals? Aggregate?
Exposure
Health Effects
Mobile Source Emissions
Cancer (Pearson et al. 2000 Raaschou-Nielsen et
al. 2001) Respiratory effects in children
(Brunekreef et al. 1997, Wjst et al. 1993,
Weiland et al. 1994) Mortality (Kunzli et al.
2000 ) Asthma (Friedman et al. 2001)
Particles (Kleeman et al. EST) Diesel (Kinney
et al. 2000) PAH (Dubowsky Dickhut et al.
2000) CO, NOx, and VOCs (Chase et al.
2000) Dioxins and furans (Ryan and Gullett,
1999) 1990 Air Toxins (Rosenbaum et al. 1999)
3
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Francesca
  Dominici, Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

4
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Francesca
  Dominici, Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

5
DRAFT
Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
prevention
6
DRAFT
Geographical distribution of categorical (high
and low relative to median) cancer risk and
incidence across Maryland counties.
based on NATA risk from ambient exposure to
known human carcinogens 1) arsenic, 2)
beryllium, 3) cadmium, 4) chromium, 5)
1,3-butadiene, 6) ethylene oxide, 7) vinyl
chloride, 8) benzene, 9) coke oven emissions
cancers 1) bladder 2) kidney 3) liver 4) lung
5) leukemia 6) non-Hodgkins lymphoma and 7)
multiple myeloma
7
DRAFT
Distribution of Maryland counties by cancer risk
and cancer incidence (above and below median).
Numbers in parentheses are county ranks for adult
smoking prevalence, 2002 (MD DHMH 2003).
8
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Fancesca Dominici,
  Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

9
DRAFT
Relationship of estimated cancer risk from air
toxics with median household income among
Maryland census tracts, 2000.
10
DRAFT
Distribution of median household income at the
census tract level by highest and lowest deciles
of cancer risk by emission source.
11
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Fancesca Dominici,
  Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

12
Impact of industry on community VOC exposure
DRAFT

• Population-based recruitment
• Nonsmokers
• Hampden n20 SB n33
• I/O/P Monitoring (72-h)
• 3M OVM Badge
• GC/MS Analysis

13
DRAFT
Outdoor VOC concentrations in South Baltimore
compared to the Hampden control community
14
DRAFT
Indoor VOC concentrations in South Baltimore
compared to the Hampden control community
15
DRAFT
Personal VOC concentrations in South Baltimore
compared to the Hampden control community
16
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Fancesca Dominici,
  Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

17
Tollbooth Study
DRAFT

• Study Site Baltimore City Harbor Tunnel
  Tollbooth
• 14 tollbooths 7 Northbound, 7 southbound
• Monitoring conducted at a single tollbooth (3)
• Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Sampling
• Sequential Sampler with Air Toxics Tubes
• 24h/d for 7 weekdays _at_ 3-h (n56)
• Sampling conducted Weekdays (July 18-29, 2001)
• GC/MS Analysis
• PAH
• Total particle-bound PAH (Photo-Ionization)
• Measurement every 1 minute
• Sampling conducted 24h/day for 2 weekdays
• Traffic
• Hourly traffic by number of axles provided by
  Maryland Transportation Authority
• Meteorology
• Temperature, humidity, windspeed, direction from
  JHSPH monitoring station

18
DRAFT
Tollbooth Outdoor VOC Levels by Time of Day
19
DRAFT
Air Toxin Regressed on Vehicle Count
20
DRAFT
Results Curbside Concentration Effect by
Vehicle Class
Coefficient 2gt2 axle
Sapkota and Buckley (2003) JAWMA
21
DRAFT
Concentration of 1,3-Butadiene Inside and Outside
the BHT Tollbooth by Time of Day
22
DRAFT
Variable Personal Exposure to Support Biomarker
Assessment
Urban Wkday
Suburban wkend
Urban wkday
23
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Francesca
  Dominici, Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

24
Parking Garage
DRAFT
25
Air Toxics Measured in an Urban Parking Garage
DRAFT
26
Air Toxics Research Activities
DRAFT

• Linking cancer risk and incidence to inform
  prevention (Shannon C. Brown, Thomas A. Burke,
  Amir Sapkota, Norma Kanarek, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Exploring environmental justice (Benjamin J.
  Apelberg, Ronald H. White, and Timothy J.
  Buckley)
• Impact of industry on community exposure (Timothy
  J. Buckley, Devon Payne-Sturges, Sung Roul Kim,
  and Virgina Weaver)
• Mobile source hotspots
• Tollbooth (Amir Sapkota and Timothy J. Buckley)
• Parking garage (Sung Roul Kim, Francesca
  Dominici, Timothy J. Buckley)
• Urban arterial (Timothy J. Buckley, Alison Geyh,
  Patrick Breysse)

27
DRAFT
Baltimore at Risk
Rank of Ambient Concentration from On-Road Mobile
Sources (of 61,641) 1,3-Butadiene 7th Benzene
4th POM 27th Diesel PM 61st

• Ref National Air Toxics Assessment (U.S. EPA
  1996)

28
Benzene levels measured indoors and outdoors at a
row home on an urban arterial
DRAFT
29
DRAFT
PM10 measured indoors and outdoors at a row home
on an urban arterial
30
DRAFT
Weekday 1-hr Average Particle-Bound PAH
Concentration and Traffic Count By Hour of Day
(Oct 1, 2001 to May 31, 2002)
PAH Conc. (ng/m3)
Vehicle Counts (counts/hour)
Hour of Day
31
Summary
DRAFT

• Linkage studies using existing data to examining
  the geographical distribution of cancer risk and
  incidence may provide prevention insight
• Low SES communities in MD are at disproportionate
  risk from air toxins due to on-road mobile and
  area sources
• An industry impact on outdoor and indoor air is
  suggested for two of 15 VOCs including
  ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene no impact detected
  on personal exposure

32
DRAFT
Summary

• Traffic volume and class combined with
  temperature and wind speed is a significant
  determinant for tollbooth curbside outdoor BD,
  Benzene and PAH (r2 0.62, 0.77, 0.85)
• The effect of gt2 axle vehicles exceeds 2 axle
  vehicles by a factor of 10-60 for the three
  pollutants measured
• The indoor tollbooth environment is protective of
  worker exposure by factors of 3.2, 3.8, and 1.3
  for benzene, BD and toluene
• Urban arterial residence outdoor preliminary
  data indicate PM10 levels below 24-h NAAQS
  median benzene levels in the 2-5 ug/m3 range
• p-PAH tracks with level of traffic
• Data analysis to include additional analytes and
  meteorology

33
Acknowledgements
DRAFT

• Funding Support
• National Urban Air Toxics Research Center
• U.S. EPA
• Maryland Tobacco Restitution Fund
• Center (NIEHS) for Urban Environmental Health