The Immune System

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The Immune System

• By Kasia Kolodziejczak Quest. 1
• Marti Simmons Quest. 2
• Jeremy Varga Quest. 3
• Ryan Bresnaham Quest. 4

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Question 1 The parts of the Immune System

• By Kasia Kolodziejczak

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Antigens

• Antigens, are the special proteins (not only
  proteins) that cover every single cell in our
  body. When the special immune cells of the immune
  system travel in our body, they check if all
  antigens are ours. Some antigens are foreign to
  our body, which makes the special cells of the
  immune system proceed to an immune response.

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Macrophages

• Macrophages are believed to be responsible for
  the initial attack against an invasion launched
  by, for example, bacteria. By the call of the
  helper T-cells, the macrophages move into the
  infected area and start attacking the bacteria.
  When in the infected area, they can be stimulated
  to release chemicals toxic to the pathogens.

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Helper T-Cells

• The Helper T-cells role in the system is to
  activate many immune cells including B-cells, to
  do their job of creating antibodies and so on.
  Whenever they contact a foreign antigen they send
  a signal for help and order the special cells
  to go to work.

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Memory T-Cells

• Memory T-cells, that once were B and T cells, are
  the cells that remember each foreign antigen that
  ever entered the body. This is why you usually
  never end up getting the chicken pox a second
  time, because your Memory T-cells remember how to
  fight the pathogen off.

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Suppressor T-Cells

• Suppressor T-cells have pretty much a very simple
  job yet important. They go through the body and
  slow down or stop the activities of B-cells and
  T-cells when the invader is eliminated.

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Killer T-Cells

• The role of the Killer T-cells is to destroy the
  cells that have been invaded by the foreign
  organisms. They let out a special enzyme that eat
  the infected cell. Killer T-cells can also
  destroy cancer cells.

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B-Cells

• Their major role is to produce antibodies to
  fight off the foreign bacteria, viruses, and
  tumor cells. When the Helper T-cells come to the
  B-cells, they tell the B-cells to produce a
  certain kind of antibody (since each antibody
  adheres to a special antigen). To do this, the
  B-cells produce large plasma cells. The plasma
  cells each have one specific antibody to produce.
  They are the factory of antibodies.

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Antibodies

• Antibodies are special proteins that are
  Y-shaped. The tips of the branches are sensitive
  to specific antigens. When they encounter that
  specific antigen, they cling to it. When the
  antibody clings to the pathogen, it enables it
  from moving around through the cell walls.

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Thymus

• The thymus is located between your two collar
  bones. It is responsible for producing mature
  T-cells. The immature T-cells leave the bone
  marrow where they were formed and enter the
  thymus to go through their thymic education. Some
  T-cells may be detrimental to the immune system
  so they are eliminated. The rest of the mature
  T-cells are released into the blood stream.

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Bone Marrow

• The bone marrow produces B-cells, natural killer
  cells, granulocytes and immature T-cells. When
  formed in the bone marrow, the cells
  differentiate into either mature cells of the
  immune system, or continue their maturation in
  another part of the immune cells.

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Spleen

• The spleen acts as a filter of the immune system.
  It is made up of B-cells, T-cells, macrophages,
  natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and red
  blood cells. The spleen captures antigens or
  foreign materials from the blood. It also can do
  another job. Macrophages bring antigens and
  present it to the appropriate B or T cells. Then
  the B-cells become activated and produce large
  amounts of antibodies. The spleen is referred to
  as a conference center.

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Lymph Nodes

• The lymph nodes are not just in one place of your
  body. The lymph nodes are composed of B-cells,
  T-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. The
  lymph nodes filter a bodily fluid named lymph.
  When the lymph goes through the lymph nodes,
  antigens are filtered before entering the
  bloodstream again. The lymph nodes are also a
  place for an immune response. That is why your
  mom checks the sides of your neck to see if the
  lymph nodes are swollen. If they are, then there
  is a fight going on on your lymph nodes.

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Question 2

• By Marti Simmons

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How the different parts of the immune system
work together

• The first line of defense is the Skin and
  Mucous. They block entry into the body. The
  reason mucous is part of the first line of
  defense is that there are openings in the skin,
  such as the nose and mouth.

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Patrolling Scavenger cells

• The next stage of the immune system is the
  patrolling scavenger cells (macrophages), that
  seek out foreign bodies. There are also other
  enzymes and chemicals.

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Thymus

• The Thymus is located between the breast bone
  and heart. It produces mature T cells. It also
  helps with the maturing of T cell.

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The Spleen

• Filters blood looking for cells that do not
  belong in the body.

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Lymph System

• Found throughout the body. It produces a clear
  liquid that covers cells with water and
  nutrients. It helps find and remove bacteria.
  When you are sick you can feel your swollen lymph
  nodes, this shows that your lymph system is at
  work.

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Bone marrow

• Bone Marrow produces new blood cells. It
  produces both red and white. They make them from
  stem cells.

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Antibodies

• Antibodies are produced by white blood cells.
  When they connect to the outer layer of a virus,
  it stops its movement through the cell walls.
  Helping to stop it so it can be dealt with.

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Complement System

• This system is a series of proteins. They float
  freely throughout the blood system.

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Viruses

• My report is on three viruses and three
  bacteria's.

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H.I.V

• Travels through lymphocytes, monocyk. It is an
  ultimate devastation of the immune system. It
  kills off the helper t cells and then they cannot
  call the killer t cells.

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Influenza

• Commonly called the flu, caused by the viruses
  that infect the respiratory tract. Also causes
  strep throat. The infection of the flu can cause
  serious illness.

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R.S.V

• R.S.V (respiratory syneythial virus) is the major
  cause of illness in younger children Occurs in
  children 3 years of age or younger. It can be
  transmitted by a cold, it causes respiratory
  tract problems which can be fatal.

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bacteria's
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Anthrax

• Anthrax is a biological weapon which is an
  infectious substance that is so finely chopped
  that it can become airborne instantly. Fatal
  disease of warm blooded animals caused by the
  bacterium.

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E-coli

• Most strands are harmless and living in the
  intestines of healthy animals and humans. 0157h7
  is a strand of the bacteria that is harmful and
  produces a toxin that can cause serious illness.

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tetanus bacteria

• this bacteria is the result of an infection that
  effects the muscles and nerves. It is usually due
  to a contaminated wound. It begins with muscle
  spasms like lockjaw making it difficult to
  swallow.

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Sources

• The sources I used to complete this project is
  the internet askjeeves.com, a dictionary, Mrs.
  Syczhs home page, and Mr. Hands homepage.

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Vaccines
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How vaccines work

• How do vaccines work? A weakened form of the germ
  is injected into the body. The body makes
  antibodies to fight these invaders. If the actual
  disease ever attacks the body the antibodies will
  still be there to destroy them.

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What are Vaccines

• A vaccine is a weakened form of a disease. It is
  either a killed form of a disease or it is a
  similar, but less virulent strain. Vaccines may
  be produced by viruses or bacteria, although they
  are most effective on viral diseases.

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How are vaccines made? Who makes them?

• Scientists and doctors make vaccines. Scientists
  and doctors who make them, grow the virus then
  they weaken it or kill it and that is the
  vaccine. A vaccine is made from an antigen
  isolated or produced from the disease- causing
  microorganism

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The first vaccine

• The first vaccine was introduced by the British
  physician Edward Jenner in 1796 when he noted the
  virus of cowpox could produce lasting protection
  against smallpox.