IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry UNFCCC Workshop on the Preparation of National Communications from non-Annex I Parties April 26-30, 2004, Manila Leandro Buendia Programme Officer,

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IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use,
Land-Use Change and Forestry UNFCCC Workshop on
the Preparation of National Communications from
non-Annex I PartiesApril 26-30, 2004,
ManilaLeandro BuendiaProgramme Officer,
IPCC-NGGIP-TSU(lbuendia_at_iges.or.jp)
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Decision 17/CP.8

• Objectives
• Para 1b. To encourage the presentation of
  information in a consistent, transparent and
  comparable, as well as flexible, manner, taking
  into account specific national circumstances.
• Methodologies
• Para 11. Non-Annex 1 Parties are encouraged to
  apply the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and
  Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas
  Inventories, taking into account the need to
  improve transparency, consistency, comparability,
  completeness and accuracy in inventories.
• Para 12. Non-Annex I Parties are also
  encouraged, to the extent possible, to undertake
  any key source analysis as indicated in the IPCC
  good practice guidance to assist in developing
  inventories that better reflect their national
  circumstances.
• Reporting
• Para 24. Non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to
  provide information on the level of uncertainty
  associated with inventory data and their
  underlying assumptions, and to describe the
  methodologies used, if any, for estimating these
  uncertainties.

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Contents

• Background Information
• What is good practice guidance?
• Relationship to GL96 and GPG2000
• Contents of the Report
• Policy Relevance
• Conclusion

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Background Information

• GPG2000 did not cover the land-use change and
  forestry (LUCF) activities described in Chapter 5
  of the GL96
• to avoid the risk of inconsistency with SR-LULUCF
• Kyoto Protocol sink negotiations werent
  concluded in 2000

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Background Information

• August 2001 Expert Group Planning Mtg. to
  develop the work programme
• March 2002 July 2003 Conducted 5
  Authors/Experts Meetings to draft and finalize
  the Report
• First government/expert review in December 2002
  to January 2003
• Second governments/experts review in May to June
  2003
• November 2003 IPCC XXI adopted/accepted the
  Report
• December 2003 COP9 welcomed the Report
• April 2004 published the GPG-LULUCF Report

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What is good practice guidance?

• GPG2000 defines inventories consistent with good
  practice as those which contain neither over- nor
  underestimates so far as can be judged, and in
  which uncertainties are reduced as far as is
  practicable given national circumstances.
• When applied to LULUCF, this definition should
  ensure the bona fide estimates of
• emissions by sources and removal by sinks
• carbon stock changes

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Good practice aims to satisfy the definition by
providing guidance on

• Choice of estimation method within the context of
  the IPCC Guidelines
• QA/QC procedures to provide cross-checks during
  inventory compilation
• Data and information to be documented, archived
  and reported to facilitate review and assessment
  of inventory estimates
• Quantification of uncertainties at the source or
  sink category level and for the inventory as a
  whole, so that resources available can be
  directed toward reducing uncertainties over time,
  and the improvement can be tracked

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Good practice guidance further supports the
development of inventories that are

• transparent
• documented
• consistent over time
• complete
• comparable
• assessed for uncertainties
• subject quality control and assurance
• efficient in the use of resources available to
  inventory agencies
• uncertainties are reduced as better information
  becomes available

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Relationship to GL96 and GPG2000

• GPG-LULUCF is consistent with GL96
• specific source or sink categories it addressed
  can be traced back to categories in GL96
• it uses the same functional forms for the
  equations that are used in GL96, or their
  equivalent
• it allows corrections of any errors or
  deficiencies that have been identified in GL96.

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Relationship to GL96 and GPG2000

• GPG-LULUCF, following conclusion from SBSTA15,
  used some flexibilities in handling of categories
  while ensuring consistency with Chapter 5 of
  GL96.
• GPG-LULUCF has some interlinkages with GPG2000 in
  estimation of agricultural emissions (i.e. N2O
  from soils), and must maintain consistency with
  the advice already agreed upon.

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Contents of the Report

• Preface
• Chapter 1 Overview
• Chapter 2 Basis for Consistent Representation of
  Land Areas
• Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance
• Chapter 4 Supplementary methods and good
  practice guidance arising from the Kyoto
  Protocol
• Chapter 5 Cross-Cutting Issues
• Glossary
• Basic Information
• Abbreviations and Acronyms
• List of Reviewers

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Overview of the GPG-LULUCF
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Chapter 1 Overview

• sets out the mandate for GPG for LULUCF
• defines and describes the history of IPCC good
  practice guidance and its relationship to the
  IPCC Guidelines
• summarises the practical advice provided to
  inventory agencies
• discusses policy relevance

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Chapter 2 Basis for Consistent Representation of
Land Areas

• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Land-Use Categories
• 2.3 Representing Land Areas

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Annexes and Appendices

• Chapter 2
• Annex 2A.1 Examples of Approaches in Individual
  Countries
• Annex 2A.2 Examples of International Land Cover
  Datasets

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Chapter 2 Basis for Consistent Representation of
Land Areas
Approach 1 Basic Land-Use data Approach 2
Survey of land use and land-use change Approach 3
Geographically explicit land use data

• provides advice on different approaches for
  representing land area depending on the data
  available
• provides 3 approaches for representing land areas
  (not hierarchical)

• six broad categories of land use that provide the
  basis for more detailed discussion in the
  chapters that follow
• advice on the development of land-use databases
  and some examples on their usage to approaches

1. Forest land
2. Cropland
3. Grassland
4. Wetlands
5. Settlements
6. Other land

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Approach 1 Basic Land-Use data

• most common approach
• uses area datasets likely to have been prepared
  for other purposes such as forestry or
  agricultural statistics

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Approach 1 Basic Land-Use data
Land-use Category Area (Time 1) Area (Time 2) Land-use Change bet. T1 and T2
Forest land 18 19 1
Cropland 31 29 -2
Grassland 84 82 -2
Wetlands 0 0 0
Settlements 5 8 3
Other land 2 2 0
Total 140 140 0
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Approach 2 Survey of land use and land-use
change

• include more information on changes between
  categories
• more data intensive than Approach 1 but can
  account for all land-use transitions

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Approach 2 Survey of land use and land-use
change
Final
Forest Land Cropland Grassland Wetlands Settlements Other Final Area (2001)
Forest Land 321 4 325
Cropland 2 114 3 119
Grassland 2 3 205 210
Wetlands 15 15
Settlements 2 38 40
Other 2 2
Initial Area (2000) 327 117 212 15 38 2 711
Net Change -2 2 -2 0 2 0 0
Initial
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Approach 3 Geographically explicit land use data

• Requires spatially explicit data of land use and
  land-use change (location, boundaries)
• Subdivide area into spatial units (e.g. grid
  cells) appropriate to the scale of land-use
  variation
• Requires sampling sufficient for spatial
  interpolation

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Approach 3 Geographically explicit land use data
Complete Coverage of all grid cells
2000
2001
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Approach 3 Geographically explicit land use data
Regular sampling grid
2000
2001
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Approach 3 Geographically explicit land use data
Irregular sampling grid
2000
2001
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Approach 3 Geographically explicit land use data
Grid cells can also be aggregated into polygons
2000
2001
F
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Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Forest Land
• 3.3 Cropland
• 3.4 Grassland
• 3.5 Wetlands
• 3.6 Settlements
• 3.7 Other land

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Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance

• organised using six land-use categories, broad
  carbon pools and non-CO2 gases, and by tier

LU Categories Forest land Cropland Grassland Wetla
nds Settlements Other land
C Pools Living biomass Dead organic matter Soils
Non-CO2 CH4 N2O NOx CO
Tiers Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
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Carbon pools
Living biomass above-ground biomass
Living biomass below-ground biomass
Dead organic matter Dead wood
Dead organic matter Litter
Soils Soil organic matter
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Land-Use Categories and C-Pools (X denotes
that methodologies are provided in the GPG-LULUCF)
Forest Land Cropland Grassland Wetlands Settlements Other Land
Living Biomass (above- and below-ground) X X X X X X
Dead Organic Matter (Dead wood and Litter) X
Soils (Soil Organic Matter) X X X X X
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Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance

• provides advice on the estimation of emissions
  and removals of CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gases

• Methodological Issues
• Choice of Method
• Choice of EF
• Choice of AD

Completeness Developing a consistent time
series Reporting and Documentation Inventory QA/QC

• decision trees guide the choice of method
  according to national circumstances

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Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance

• default values of emission factors/parameters and
  activity data

Section Biomass DOM Soils Total
3.2 Forest Land (Annex 3A.1) 16 2 2 20
3.3 Cropland 3 4 7
3.4 Grassland 4 4 8
Appendix 3a.1 (HWP) 4 4
Appendix 3a.2 (drainage/rewetting) 1 1
Appendix 3a.3 (Wetlands) 3 3
Appendix 3a.4 (Settlements) 1 1
Total Number of Tables Total Number of Tables Total Number of Tables Total Number of Tables 44
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Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance

• simple tables are provided to assist countries
  with the linkage to the IPCC Guidelines and good
  practices on the default methods in the IPCC
  Guidelines are clearly identified

Table 3.1.1 - mapping between GL96 categories and
GPG-LULUCF categories
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Forest land
GPG-LULUCF GPG-LULUCF GL96
Initial Time period Reporting Year GL96
Forest land Forest land 5 A
Cropland Forest land 5 A, 5 C, 5 D
Grassland Forest land 5 A, 5 C, 5 D
Wetlands Forest land 5 A, 5 C, 5 D
Settlements Forest land 5 A, 5 C, 5 D
Other land Forest land 5 A, 5 C, 5 D
5A- Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5C- Abandonment of Managed Lands 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils 5A- Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5C- Abandonment of Managed Lands 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils 5A- Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5C- Abandonment of Managed Lands 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils
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Cropland
GPG-LULUCF GPG-LULUCF GL96
Initial Time period Reporting Year GL96
Cropland Cropland 5 A, 5 D
Forest land Cropland 5 B, 5 D
Grassland Cropland 5 B, 5 D
Wetlands Cropland 5 D
Settlements Cropland 5 D
Other land Cropland 5 D
5A- Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5B- Forest and Grassland Conversion 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils 5A- Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5B- Forest and Grassland Conversion 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils 5A- Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5B- Forest and Grassland Conversion 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils
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Grassland
GPG-LULUCF GPG-LULUCF GL96
Initial Time period Reporting Year GL96
Grassland Grassland 5 A, 5 D
Forest land Grassland 5 B, 5 D
Cropland Grassland 5 C, 5 D
Wetlands Grassland 5 C, 5 D
Settlements Grassland 5 C, 5 D
Other land Grassland 5 C, 5 D
5A-Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5B- Forest and Grassland Conversion 5C- Abandonment of Managed Lands 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils 5A-Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5B- Forest and Grassland Conversion 5C- Abandonment of Managed Lands 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils 5A-Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks 5B- Forest and Grassland Conversion 5C- Abandonment of Managed Lands 5D- Emissions and Removals from Soils
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Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance

• also provides appendices covering wetlands and
  settlements, for which the IPCC Guidelines
  provide only limited advice and harvested wood
  products (HWP), which remain under consideration
  by the UNFCCC.

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Annexes and Appendices

• Chapter 3
• Annex 3A.1 Biomass Default Tables for Section 3.2
  Forest Land
• Annex 3A.2 Reporting Tables and Worksheets
• Appendix 3a.1 Harvested wood products Basis for
  future methodological development
• Appendix 3a.2 Non-CO2 Emissions from drainage and
  rewetting of forest soils Basis for future
  methodological development
• Appendix 3a.3 Wetlands remaining wetlands Basis
  for future methodological development
• Appendix 3a.4 Settlements Basis for future
  methodological development

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Chapter 4 Supplementary methods and good
practice guidance arising from the Kyoto Protocol

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Methods for Estimation, Measurement,
  Monitoring and Reporting of LULUCF Activities
  under Articles 3.3 and 3.4
• 4.3 LULUCF Projects

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Chapter 4 Supplementary methods and good practice
guidance arising from the Kyoto Protocol

• Generally apply to Annex B Parties (emission
  cap)
• Provisions are fixed in the Kyoto Protocol and
  the Marrakesh Accords of the UNFCCC
• Additional classification of land areas
• Parties need to
• choose certain parameters (e.g. thresholds in the
  definition of forest)
• apply additional methods
• report annually on lands subject to

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Kyoto Protocol Issues (Chapter 4)
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Kyoto Protocol Issues (Chapter 4)
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Kyoto Protocol Issues (Chapter 4)

• GPG-LULUCF gives guidance on
• how to identify land areas that are subject to
  Article 3.3 and Article 3.4 activities
• which pools are to be reported
• For which years C-stock changes and GHG emission
  are to be reported
• For each Article 3.3 and 3.4 activity GPG-LULUCF
  gives guidance on
• Activity-specific issues relating to identifying
  land areas and reporting requirements
• The choice of method for estimating carbon stock
  changes and non-CO2 emissions

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Projects (CDM JI) (Section 4.3)

• GPG-LULUCF is mostly about national inventories
• Section 4.3 is exceptional (and new compared to
  the 1996 IPCC Guidelines)
• gives guidance on inventorying LULUCF projects
  (typically recommends the use of higher tiers)
• gives guidance on defining project boundaries
  (for JI), measuring, monitoring and estimating
  changes in carbon stocks and non-CO2 GHGs
• gives detailed guidance on sampling design and
  statistical methods

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Projects (CDM JI) (Section 4.3)

• GPG-LULUCF does not address CDM-specific issues,
  such as baseline, non-permanence, additionality,
  leakage, uncertainties, and socio-economic and
  environmental impacts (these were negotiated at
  COP9 of the UNFCCC)

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Annexes and Appendices

• Chapter 4
• Annex 4A.1 Tool for estimation of changes in soil
  carbon stocks associated with management changes
  in croplands and grazing lands based on IPCC
  default data
• Annex 4A.2Examples of allometric equations for
  estimating aboveground biomass and belowground
  biomass of trees

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Chapter 5 Cross-Cutting Issues

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Identifying and Quantifying Uncertainties
• 5.3 Sampling
• 5.4 Methodological Choice -Identification of Key
  Categories
• 5.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
• 5.6 Time Series Consistency and Recalculations
• 5.7 Verification

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Chapter 5 Cross-Cutting Issues

• provides advice on applying the key category
  concept in GPG2000 to cover sinks
• provides advice on
• quality assurance and quality control
• reconstruction of missing data
• time series consistency
• collecting and analysing data by sampling
• quantification and combination of uncertainties
• verification by means of comparison with
  inventories in other countries, independently
  compiled datasets, modelling approaches and
  direct measurements on land and/or atmosphere.

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PART 2 - KEY CATEGORIES ANALYSIS WITH LULUCF
(GPG-LULUCF)

• GPG2000
• the concept was named key source categories and
  dealt with the inventory excluding the LULUCF
  sector.

• GPG-LULUCF
• the term "key category" is used to better reflect
  that both sources and sinks are included.

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GPG2000 vs. GPG-LULUCF

• Both provide Quantitative and Qualitative
  approaches
• Same decision tree to identify key categories
• Same equations (format), spreadsheet, and
  threshold value
• Due to inclusion of sinks, some parameters have
  to be modified to reflect absolute values

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Quantitative Approach -Tier 1 Method Level
Assessment

• Equation 5.4.1
• Key Category Level Assessment
• Source or Sink Category Estimate /
  Total Contribution
• Lx,t Ex,t / Et
• Where
• Lx,t level assessment for source or sink x
  in year t (The asterisk indicates that
  contributions from all categories (including
  LULUCF categories) are entered as absolute
  values.
• Ex,t Ex,t absolute value of emission or
  removal estimate of source or sink category x in
  year t
• Et ?Ex,t total contribution, which is the
  sum of the absolute values of emissions and
  removals in year t. The asterisk () indicates
  that contributions from all categories (including
  LULUFC categories) enter as absolute values.

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Trend Assessment (Tier 1)

• Equation 5.4.2
• Source or Sink Category Trend Assessment
  (Source or Sink Category Level Assessment)
  (Source or Sink Category Trend Total Trend)
• Tx,t Ex,t / Et ( Ex,t Ex,0 )
  / Ex,t
• ( Et E0 ) / Et
• Where
• Tx,t trend assessment, which is the
  contribution of the source or sink category trend
  to the overall inventory trend. The Trend
  Assessment is always recorded as an absolute
  value, i.e., a negative value is always recorded
  as the equivalent positive value. The asterisk
  () indicates that, in contrast to Equation 7.2,
  in Chapter 7 of the GPG2000, LULUCF sources and
  sinks can be evaluated using this equation.
• Ex,t ?Ex,t? absolute value of emission or
  removal estimate of source or sink category x in
  year t
• Ex,t and Ex,0 real values of estimates of
  source or sink category x in years t and 0,
  respectively
• Et and E0 and total inventory estimates in
  years t and 0, respectivelyEt and E0 differ
  from Et and E0 in Equation 5.4.1 in that
  removals are not entered as absolute values.

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Tier 2 Method Level Assessment

• Equation 5.4.4
• Level Assessment, with Uncertainty
• Tier 1 Level Assessment ? Relative
  Source Uncertainty
• LUx,t Lx,t ? Ux,t
• Note The key categories are identified by
  accounting for those that add up to 90 of the
  total value of the total LUx,t (Rypdal
  Flugsrud, 2001).

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Qualitative Consideration

• Mitigation techniques and technologies
• High expected growth of emissions or removals
• High uncertainty
• Unexpectedly high or low emissions or removals
• Large stocks
• Deforestation
• Completeness

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Policy Relevance

• Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5 are relevant to all
  countries to estimate emissions/removals from
  LULUCF Sector, whether or not KP is ratified
• First 2 sections of Chapter 4 provide
  supplementary information to that in Chapters 2,
  3 and 5, which is relevant only to Annex I
  countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
• Section 4.3 (LULUCF Projects) is relevant to all
  countries that will undertake projects under the
  Articles 6 or 12 of the Kyoto Protocol.

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Policy Relevance

• some issues remain under consideration for some
  emission/removal categories are put in the
  appendix
• harvested wood products (the material provided is
  in an appendix rather than part of the main text,
  since SBSTA is still considering this issue)
• Settlements and wetlands are land-use categories
  for which limited methodological guidance was
  provided in the IPCC Guidelines, but a great deal
  of scientific work has been done since GL96.
• This applies also to non-CO2 emissions from
  drainage and rewetting of forests soils.

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Policy Relevance

• Countries do not have to prepare estimates for
  categories contained in appendices, although they
  can do so if they desire.
• The IPCC Guidelines do not explicitly include
  losses from natural disturbances in managed
  forests (omitting the effect of these
  disturbances would overestimate C uptakes). GPG
  therefore provides guidance on how to account for
  them.
• For Kyoto Protocol reporting, Chapter 4 is
  intended to provide policy-neutral scientific
  operationalisation of the COP7 agreement in terms
  of annual reporting.

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Conclusions
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Steps in LULUCF inventory preparation

1. Use the 3 approaches (Chapter 2) to estimate land
   areas for each land-use category relevant to your
   country
2. Follow the good practice guidance (Chapter 3) to
   estimate the emissions and removals of GHGs for
   each land use, land-use change and pool relevant
   to your country. Perform key category analysis.
   If necessary collect additional data to improve
   data quality.
3. Estimate uncertainties, report emissions/removals,
   and implement Quality assurance/quality control
   procedures (Chapter 5).
4. (if required prepare supplementary information
   for Kyoto Protocol reporting (follow Chapter 4))

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Conclusions

• it is through good practice guidance and
  uncertainty management that a sound basis can be
  provided to produce more reliable estimates of
  the magnitude of absolute and trend uncertainties
  in GHG inventories than has been achieved
  previously
• whatever the level of complexity of the
  inventory, good practice provides improved
  understanding of how uncertainties may be managed
  to produce emissions estimates that are
  acceptable for the purposes of the UNFCCC (i.e.
  transparency, consistency, comparability,
  completeness and accuracy in inventories), and
  for the scientific work associated with GHG
  inventories.

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Conclusions

• The development of Good Practice Guidance for
  LULUCF is a step in the IPCCs on-going programme
  of inventory development and will also support
  future revisions of the IPCC Guidelines
  themselves.

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