Westward Expansion

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Westward Expansion
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Stagecoach (1939)
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John Wayne in Stagecoach (1939)
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John Wayne Monument in Orange County, CA
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Ronald Reagan cowboy movie poster, 1953
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Outline for Today
1. Economic Reasons for Expansion 2. Cultural
Explanations 3. Paternalism 4. Violence
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1. Economic Reasons for Expansion
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Westward Expansion Map
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Settlers in front of a sod house in Nebraska
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Major railroads in 1880 with time zones
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Indian Reservations, ca. 1890
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2. Cultural Explanations
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Cultural Explanations for Expansion
1. Frederick Jason Thurner, the Frontier
Thesis The frontier culture defined American
democracy democratic politics society open to
immigration free market economy rugged
individualism 2. Survival of the
fittest Indians seen as children American Indian
Policy alternated between violence and paternalism
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3. Paternalism
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Indians hunting buffalo
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Indians hunting buffalo on horseback
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Cheyenne woman Woxie Haury in ceremonial dress
and in wedding portrait
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Boys hoeing garden, Tulalip Indian School, ca.
1912
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American Horse with children and relatives during
an 1882 visit to the Carlisle Indian School.
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Far and Away (1992) - Cherokee Strip Land Run of
1893
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Far and Away (1992) - Cherokee Strip Land Run of
1893
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4. Violence
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The Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876
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Custers last stand, painting
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Sioux drawing of the battle of Little Bighorn
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General George Custer
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Sioux Chief Sitting Bull
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Sitting Bull in Buffalo Bills Wild West Show
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Sioux Chief Crazy Horse
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George Kills in Sight interview, 1967
So he put it on his waist and then they, they
didnt go in with him, but they stand so far and
the guards stopped them, and they turn over to
the . . . those Pine Ridge members that went
after him escorted him to, to the . . . instead
of taking him to the Army officer, they take him
to . . . right straight to the jail. So theres
two guards on each side of the gate. And this
Pine Ridge, members of the Pine Ridge, that
escorted him, they told him that was a jailin
Indian. So he turned around, and this guardhe
was a white soldierjust run his bayonet through,
through the guts. He didnt shoot him or
anything, just . . . Killed him there. They just
let him lay there, and of course he was dead. So,
my grandfather and his bunch, they was from
Cheyenne. They went up there and they claimed the
body. ... burial So they dug a hole in a kind
of washout, like a ravine, close up to a ridge.
They laid the body in there, and then put rocks
just tight, you know, and put dirt on there, and
fixed it so that nobody ever think there was a
grave there. So, thats why when they fixed that
monument they wanted to know where he was buried
but nobody will tell. Those that were present at
the time will never tell!
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Ghost dance, painting
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The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890
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Frederick Remington, first moments of the battle
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1973 Wounded Knee occupation medal
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Westward Expansion Timeline
1862 Homestead Act 1876 The Battle of Little
Bighorn 1881 Sitting Bull imprisoned 1887 Dawes
Act 1890 The US Census doesnt locate the
frontier line 1890 The Battle of Wounded
Knee 1893 Frederick Jason Turner speech 1901
Indian Territory(now Oklahoma) tribes granted
citizenship 1924 All American Indians granted
citizenship Themes 1. Economic Reasons 2.
Cultural Explanations 3. Paternalism 4. Violence
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U.S. Presidents, 1877-Present
Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881 James Garfield,
1881 Chester Arthur, 1881-1885 Grover Cleveland,
1885-1889 Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1993 Grover
Cleveland, 1993-1997 William McKinley,
1897-1901 Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909 William
H. Taft, 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson,
1913-1921 Warren Harding, 1921-1923 Calvin
Coolidge, 1923-1929 Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945 Harry Truman,
1945-1953 Dwight Eisenhower, 1953-1961 John F.
Kennedy, 1961-1963 Lyndon Johnson,
1963-1969 Richard Nixon, 1969-1974 Gerald Ford,
1974-77 Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan,
1981-1989 George H.W. Bush, 1989-1993 William J.
Clinton, 1993-2001 George W. Bush, 2001-present