19th Century Timelines Episode Nine: Century of the Machine 18001900

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19th Century TimelinesEpisode Nine Century of
the Machine (1800-1900)

• http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/millennium/learni
  ng/timelines/

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How the World Has Changed Worlds 5 Largest
Urban Areas (million population) 1800 Peking
(Beijing) 1.1 London .86 Canton
.80 Edo (Tokyo) .69 Constantinople
(Istanbul) .57
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The Larger Nineteenth-Century World ContextBy
1800 the British navy ruled the seas but
inexpensive Indian cottons still ruled the
English markets. Beautifully hand-crafted,
brightly-colored calico prints were far more
desirable than traditional, scratchy English
wool. English merchants sought ways to compete.
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The answer lay in the mechanization of the
spinning and weaving process. The wave of
industrialization that followed these early
innovations in textile manufacturing had a
greater impact on people around the world than
any change since the agricultural revolution.
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Industrialization Industrialization came in
three distinct stages. First, machines were
invented to augment human labor. John McKay's
flying shuttle and James Hargreaves' spinning
jenny reduced the number of workers needed for
making textiles and speeded up the process.
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In the second stage, inexpensive sources of
power replaced the efforts of humans and animals.
The water wheel is an early example, but a far
more satisfactory attempt was James Watt's steam
engine. The need for durable machines stimulated
the development of the Bessemer process to
produce the strong, high-grade steel needed to
make these machines.
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In the third stage, engineers analyzed and
improved the process of manufacturing. Eli
Whitney introduced interchangeable parts for his
inventions, making the production process more
efficient. Henry Ford's assembly line would
similarly speed up production in the twentieth
century.
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Transportation and Communication Cheap
manufactured products were ready for shipment
everywhere. The balance of trade shifted to the
West, as London became the world's new financial
capital. Modern corporations were formed. Plans
for the Suez and Panama Canals moved from the
drawing board to the construction phase.
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The steam engine opened new lands to railroad
transport and seas to steamships. Both of these
inexpensive, reliable modes of transportation
were scheduled and coordinated with the use of
the telegraph. From 1850 to 1900, transport and
communications improved and reached a global scale
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Labor, Migrations, and Demographic
Change Populations continued to expand in most
parts of the world, though isolated peoples in
Polynesia and Siberia died of infectious
diseases. In the early decades of the century,
the plantation system was expanded, increasing
the demand for African slave labor.
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When slavery was abolished toward the end of the
century, contract laborers from India and then
China replaced slave laborers. Factories were
hiring the poor even young children were willing
to work long hours in dangerous conditions for
reduced wages.
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As some nations passed legislation to regulate
child labor, poor European immigrants became the
new work force. By the end of the century, nearly
50 million Europeans had immigrated to new lands.
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Consequences of Industrialization Industrializati
on caused significant disruption within and
between societies around the world. Mid-century
conflicts like the Opium Wars, the Crimean War,
and the American Civil War demonstrated the
advantages industrialized societies achieved by
using mass-produced weaponry in armed conflicts.
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The century ended with the Battle of Omdurman
(1898) in which the British killed eleven
thousand Sudanese and lost lt400 soldiers.
Industrialization also brought changes to the
basic organization of societies as Japan and
Russia began industrializing, their class
structures changed.
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Quest for Raw Materials and Markets The second
half of the nineteenth century, for
industrialized societies, ushered in an
imperialist quest for raw materials, new markets,
and new territories. For non-industrialized
societies, the nineteenth century brought
conquest, colonialism, and dependency.
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Those who sold raw materials and bought
manufactured goods in an era of free trade were
at a disadvantage. Societies like India and
China, which had strong economies in 1750, were
unable to develop their own manufacturing
capabilities and compete in the global market.
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Mass-produced rifles, automatic machine guns, and
armored warships had given industrialized
societies an important advantage. The century
ended with Europe, the United States, and Japan
locked in a contest for markets, raw materials,
and colonies.
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Dates/Developments of the 19 Century 1804 Haiti
wins independence 1812 Canned Food 1819
Bolivar liberates Colombia, 1826 First
photograph 1829 First water filtration
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1830 First all-steam railway 1834
Refrigeration 1838 Rise of labor movement 1839
Goodyear vulcanizes rubber 1844 Marx meets
Engels, 1844 Morses telegraph
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1846 Anesthesia used in surgery 1848 Birth of
womens suffrage movement 1851 Singer sewing
machine 1854 Otiss elevator 1854 Bessemer
refines steel 1859 First oil well drilled
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1859 Darwins Origin of the Species, 1865
Civil War ends U.S. slavery, 1866 Mendels Law
of Heredity 1867 Nobel invents dynamite 1869
Suez Canal opens
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1876 Bell invents telephone 1876 Edison
opens laboratory 1882 Germ theory of disease
proved 1886 Coca-Cola bottled
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1895 First motion picture 1895 Rontgen
discovers X-rays 1896 Modern Olympics
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Nineteenth Century People Jane Addams 1860
1935, Jane Addams founded Chicago's Hull House,
one of the first settlement houses in North
America, in 1889. Regarded as the mother of
social work,
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Susan B. Anthony 1820 1906, Her tireless
campaign for women's suffrage made her a leader
in the first wave of American feminism. After
brazenly casting a vote in 1872, she was arrested
and fined 100 (which she never paid). The
ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, 14
years after her death, finally confirmed her
credo, "Failure is impossible."
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Phineas T. Barnum 1810 1891 The patron saint
of promoters, he had a flair for the spectacular
that was -- and perhaps still is unmatched.
The circus he dubbed the Greatest Show on Earth,
sealed his reputation as the consummate showman.
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Ludwig von Beethoven Arguably Western music's
greatest composer, expanded the traditional
sonata, quartet, concerto and symphony into
personal expressions both sublime and profound.
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Alexander Graham Bell 1847 1922 When Alexander
Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876.
Three days after the patent was issued, or so the
legend goes, he spilled battery acid on his
clothes while working near a transmitter in his
lab. His shout for help to his assistant became
the first phone transmission of voice.
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Otto von Bismark 1815 1898 Otto von Bismarck
unified his homeland with other German states
into a single powerful nation. Remembered by some
as a moderate, he's seen by others as a ruthless
conservative who set the stage for fascism.
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Charles Darwin Though not the sole originator of
the evolution hypothesis, nor even the first to
apply the concept of descent to plants and
animals, he was the first thinker to gain for
that theory a wide acceptance among biological
experts.
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Simon Bolivar 1783 1830, El Libertador devoted
his life to fighting for the independence of
northern South America. Military leader,
statesman, dictator, Simón Bolívar was also the
emancipator of Venezuela and Colombia and a key
figure in the liberation of Ecuador and Peru.  
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Napoleon Bonaparte 1769 1821 Napoléon
Bonaparte seized power in France in 1799 and
quickly set out to conquer the world. He said he
hoped to build a federation of free governments
throughout Europe. But to some, Napoleon looked
like a tyrant.
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Nicephore Niepce 1765 - 1833 Louis Daguerre 1789
1851In 1826, the Frenchman Joseph-Nicéphore
Niépce took a picture of a courtyard and a
granary framed by a pigeon house and a bread
ovens chimney. This eight-hour exposure, was the
world's first photograph. Later Louis Daguerre
reproduced an image that required just a 20
minutes' exposure
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Frederick Douglas 1818 1895 A self-made
intellectual, he decried the ignorance and
bigotry of a slave society. Crisscrossing the
Union, he testified about the bonds that held his
people's bodies and souls. His first
autobiography was an overnight success his North
Star newspaper was, like Douglass himself, a
never-to-be-ignored beacon of morality.  
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Thomas Edison 1847 1931 In 1879, Thomas Edison
gave humans the power to create light without
fire, by inventing a long-lasting, affordable
incandescent lamp. The night after his funeral,
Americans dimmed their lights for the man who lit
up the world.  
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Michael Faraday 1791 1867 He laid the
groundwork for the electrical age. The
Englishman's discoveries and inventions dealing
with magnetic fields and electric currents showed
there was promise in power.
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Theodore Herzl 1860 1904 Theodor Herzl is
considered the father of the movement that
eventually led to the founding of a Jewish state,
Israel. 
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Abraham Lincoln 1809 1865 When Abraham Lincoln
took his first presidential oath in 1861, he
faced the greatest crisis in his nation's
history. The fabric of the American experiment,
"a more perfect Union," was being torn apart.
This son of a poor Kentucky farmer led his
countrymen -- South as well as North -- back to
union.
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Joseph Lister 1827 1912 Joseph Lister
revolutionized surgery. Inspired by Pasteur, he
reasoned that if microbes could cause infection,
they could be killed before reaching the open
wound. His method, employing carbolic acid as an
antiseptic on dressings and instruments as well
as on surgeons and patients, resulted in stunning
statistics.
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Karl Marx 1818 1883 He devoted his life to
political journalism, supported by his patron and
writing partner, Friedrich Engels. Marx's vision
of a postcapitalist world where the working class
owns the means of production has not come to
pass, but his critique of the class system has
inspired millions.
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Hiram Maxim 1840 1916 He changed the way we
wage war. In 1884, Hiram Maxim, an American-born
British inventor, developed a recoil mechanism
that made it possible to load cartridges into a
machine gun and eject them without using a hand
crank. As a result World War I came to be called
the machine gun war.
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Gregor Mendel 1882 1884 Gregor Mendel, a 19th
century Austrian monk, discovered a basic
principle of biology. Not until 16 years after
his death was he recognized for having discovered
the fundamentals of genetics.
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Samuel F.B. Morse 1791 1872 Morse developed the
first telegraph machine. By 1844, when he wired
(in his Morse Code) the biblical verse "What hath
God wrought!" from Washington, D.C., to
Baltimore, there was no question that Morse an
influential painter and publisher as well as an
inventor -- had invented a new way to
communicate.
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Florence Nightingale 1820 1910 Florence
Nightingale served with the British army during
the Crimean War, turning filthy, vermin-infested
camps where the wounded were brought to die into
clean wards where they could heal.. Nightingale
worked for improved conditions in hospitals and
workhouses, and established the first school for
nurses.
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Louis Pasteur 1822 1895 The French chemist
discovered that heat killed the microorganisms
that turned wine sour. The process of
"pasteurization" is now applied to many foods and
beverages. His greatest contribution was his work
on the germ theory of disease. Pasteur founded
the modern science of immunology.
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1852 1934 Ramon y
Cajal's work is the foundation of modern
neuroscience, the study of everything from the
biological basis of psychology to how a person
learns, remembers, smells, sees, walks and talks
in essence, how the brain makes us what we are.

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John D. Rockefeller 1839 1937 John D.
Rockefeller was the first billionaire, building
his pile on the monolithic Standard Oil Co. At
age 58, after three decades as an oilman, the
robber baron turned to charity. He spent 540
million -- the equivalent of 5.6 billion today
on projects primarily in medical research and
education.
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Nikola Tesla 1856 1943 His work on the rotating
magnetic field and alternating current (AC, as in
AC/DC, the patents for which he sold to George
Westinghouse in 1885) helped electrify the world
by enabling power to travel over wires to
customers great distances away.
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Leo Tolstoy 1828 1910 The son of a Russian
nobleman, Leo Tolstoy began wrestling with
questions about the purpose of life while writing
Anna Karenina. The author of War and Peace
attracted admirers from around the world,
including a fellow believer in nonviolence,
Mohandas Gandhi.
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Video Segments for the 19th Century Britain -
Improved Transportation In nineteenth-century
Britain, engineers and inventors became heroes.
The newly industrialized powers also had further
means to expand,
colonize, and control the world
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England Darwin and the survival of the
fittest Charles Darwin, a young scientist
conducting a world survey for the Royal Navy,
developed astounding new theories about
evolution. The doctrine of "survival of the
fittest" was interpreted as justification for the
nations of the West to dominate and conquer other
less "fit" cultures.
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United States The Westward Movement Nineteenth-c
entury mechanization also contributed to the
drift of American settlers westward. Steel
plows and railroads
made settlement of the prairies easier.
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China Trade, England and the Opium Wars China¹s
position as a world-trade power changed in this
century when the British used new steam gunboats
to defeat China in the Opium Wars. China is
opened up to European powers and to Western ways.
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Europe Industrialization, Human and Political
Rights Industrialization changed the conditions
of many people's lives. For some,
manufactured goods improved living
conditions, but others were stirred to protest
the factories and the hardships they
created.
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