Characteristics of Living Things The Rules of the Living Game

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Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Rules of the
Living Game

• 1. Made up of units called cells
• 2. Reproduce
• 3. Based on a universal genetic code
• 4. Grow and develop
• 5. Obtain and use materials and energy
• 6. Respond to the environment
• 7. Maintain a stable internal environment
• 8. Taken as a group, change over time

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Cells are Basic Units of Structure and Function

• Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
• P no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• E nucleated with membrane-bound organelles

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Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cell
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Reproduce

• Organisms reproduce like organisms.
• Life comes only from life. BIOGENESIS
• NOT once believed Spontaneous Generation

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Spontaneous Generation

• People once believed in VITAL FORCES i
• Recipe for Bees
• Hypothesis of Spontaneous Generation - Life
  suddenly appeared supernatural or appeared from
  dead, decaying things in the presence of air

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Pasteurs Experiment Disproves Hypothesis of
Spontaneous Generation
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All living things reproduce
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DNA Code of life

• Double helix composed of nucleotides
• Nucleotide sugar, phosphate group and base
• Uprights of ladder are alternating ribose units
  and phosphate groups
• 4 N bases make up rungs adenine, thymine,
  cytosine, and guanine
• A---T, C---G

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Structure of DNA nucleotides are repeating units
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Growth and Development

• Grow is to change in size.
• Develop is to change in shape and form.
• DNA directs patterns of growth and
  development. Hormones and Nutrition aid in
  changes and growth based on DNA direction.

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Obtain materials and use energy

• Producers (autotrophs) plants or any other
  organism that can make its own food sources.
• EX. Plants -- photosynthesis
• Consumers (heterotrophs) any organism that must
  consume another organism for food.
• EX. Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

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Environmental Response

• Response a reaction to a stimulus
• Ex. Sit in the sun, sweat
• Eyes dilate in sunshine
• Plants lean toward sun (phototaxis)
• Sponges start/stop filter feeding based on
  water quality

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Boy, that water sure looks cool and refreshing
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Maintain a stable internal environment

• Organisms are looking for HOMEOSTASIS
• -- process where organisms try to reach a
  steady-state or balance
• Keep in mind that living orgs NEVER reach a
  perfect balance it is a constant balancing act
  of overshooting and undershooting the goal

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Change over time -- evolution

• Evolve means to change over time
• EVOLUTION is the gradual accumulation of
  adaptations over time that help a group of
  organisms survive and be able to produce new
  offspring that would demonstrate the BEST
  combination of adaptations
• SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!!

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Changes in beetle populations over time
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Evolutionary benefits can be due to better
camouflage
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