100 YEARS OF RELIGIOUS WARS

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100 YEARS OF RELIGIOUS WARS

• France, Germany, and
• The Netherlands
• 1550-1650

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Habsburg-Valois Wars

• Between Spain
• France
• Fought over control of Italy (pre 1559)
• Why did they stop?
• To fight the Protestants!

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Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

• Ended Habsburg-Valois Wars
• Spain Won!
• France lost dominance in Italy to Spain
• Much of wars fought in Italy
• Ended era of dynastic wars
• Began era of political/religious wars
• After 1559 Spain France would fight against
  PROTESTANTISM!

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Medieval v. 16th-17th Century
Warfare

• Armies a lot bigger
• Required government reorganization
• Gunpowder made killing less personal
• Common guy could kill a nobleman!
• Required propaganda to get people to want to fight

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French Problems 1515-1559

• Plague 100 Years War Labor Shortage
• Serfdom disappeared!
• Good for peasants / bad for nobility
• Who picks up power lost by nobility?
  
• THE KINGS!
• How? Centralization via taxes armies

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Francis I (Valois)

• The guy who brought Leonardo ( Mona) to France
• Began lavish court life that France will become
  famous for

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His son..Henry II

• Continues the big spending.
• Palace for wife, Catherine de Medici in
  Paris..and
• Castle for his mistress, Diane de Poitiers

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Wife
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Mistress
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Chateau de Chenonceau
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Over the river and through the woods..
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French Crown needed MONEY!

• Sold public offices
• Position made person tax exempt
• Father would pass position onto son with no
  further payment
• SHORT-TERM SOLUTION will cause long-term
  problems..French Revolution!

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Concordat of Bologna

• Treaty with Pope
• Gave French crown steady source of income
  Selling church offices
• Made Catholicism state religion
• Downside Corruption w/in Church
• Result Made Calvinism attractive! By 1559 1 out
  of 10 French are Huguenots

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Henry died in 1559.

• Began 30 years of religious riots and Civil War
  in France
• Leaves three weak sons
• Who REALLY rules Mom
• Catherine de Medici (She was Hated!)
• Foreigner (Italian)
• Non-aristocratic (Merchant/Banking family)
• Woman

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Nobles try for a comeback!

• French Nobles will take advantage of her weakness
  and try to regain lost power
• Many will convert to Calvinism as an excuse to
  go against the Catholic Queen

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St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

• 12,000 Huguenots killed in a month
• Led by the Catholic Henry of Guise
• Because Margaret Valois (sister to King) was
  marrying Henry of Navarre (Protestant)

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War of the Three Henrys

• Henry of Guise Catholic
• Henry of Navarre Protestant
• King Henry III Catholic
• 15 years of rioting
• Destroyed commercial life - starvation

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Paris is worth a Mass.

• Moderate Catholic group Politiques
• Wanted to restore a strong monarch
• Henry Guise King Henry assassinated
• Henry of Navarre agrees to become Catholic
• Paris is worth a Mass
• Crowned Henry IV
• Beginning of Bourbon Dynasty

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Henry IV

• Granted Huguenots limited religious toleration
  Edict of Nantes
• Begins the consolidation of French Monarchical
  Power

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Preview of Coming Attractions

• Bourbon Kings of France
• Henry IV
• Louis XIII
• Louis XIV (Sun King)
• Louis XV
• Louis XVI (French Revolution)

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The Netherlands

• Religion also played a role in the revolt in the
  Netherlands
• Had been under Spanish control (Charles V)
• Charles V abdicated and left Spain the low
  countries to his son, Philip II
• Philip II appointed his ½ sister, Margaret, as
  regent of the Netherlands
• Both were EXTREAME Catholics! Wanted to stamp
  out Protestantism

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Religious

• ..the reformed religion, as a contemporary
  remarked, had a powerful appeal, to those who
  had grown rich by trade and were therefore ready
  for revolution..
• Middle class Merchant movement.
• With support form employees!

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Rage against the machine!

• Text Quote
• Whereas Lutherans taught respect for the powers
  that be, Calvinist reformed religion in the
  1570s tended to encourage opposition to
  illegal civil authorities.
• Gave the Calvinist permission to fight against
  Catholic rulers!

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10 Years of Civil War

• 1568-2578
• Catholics and Protestants destroyed each others
  churches and killed each other in large numbers
• Result Catholic-Spain won 10 Southern
  provinces (would become Belgium)
• Result Protestants won 7 Northern provinces
  (would become Netherlands)

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Whats this got to do with Liz?

• Queen Elizabeth (of England)
• Sends funds to help the Protestants of the
  Netherlands against Spain.
• The Civil War had hurt the English wool trade.
  (Netherlands an important market.)

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Wanted to stop Catholic Spain!

• Philip II had been married to Elizabeths sister
  Mary I
• When Mary I died Philip would have liked
  Elizabeth to marry him.gaining England for Spain
  AND the Catholic Church!
• Elizabeth was NOT interested!
• Spain defeats Antwerp In position to invade
  England NEXT!

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Philip II gets TICKED

• Elizabeth had ordered the beheading of Mary Queen
  of Scots the Catholic heir to the English
  throne.
• Pope promised Philip 1 million gold ducats if he
  would invade England.
• Philip II wanted to win against the Dutchneeded
  to stop English aid.
• English pirates had been looting Spanish Gold
  Ships!

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THE ARMADA!

• May 20, 1588
• 130 Ships sailed from Lisbon
• Over 30,000 men
• Fire-ships and Bad Weather
• Lost the battle, but the war will go on for 16
  years!

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Consequences

• Spain
• Rebuilt navy (improved too!)
• Still had silver from New World
• Prevented Philip II from reunification of
  Catholic Europe
• Spirit of Defeatism begins

• England
• Pride of Victory!
• Political boost for Elizabeth I
• Wasnt invaded
• Continued to support the Dutch (Netherlands)

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Thirty Years War 1618-1648

• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Faith of German prince would be faith of subjects
• Lutheran or Catholic
• Problems
• Lutherans gaining bishoprics
• Calvinists ignored treaty and moved in
• Catholic Jesuits had reconverted some Lutheran
  princes

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Taking sides

• Germany States
• 1608 Lutheran princes form Protestant Union
• 1609 Catholic princes form Catholic League
• TAKING SIDES.Ready to Fight

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Angels or Poop?

• 1556- Charles V abdicated and divided empire
• Son Philip II Spanish Habsburg
• Brother Ferdinand Austrian Habsburgs
• A relative Ferdinand of Styria elected King
  of Bohemia (Big Time Catholic!
• Bohemia had enjoyed some religious freedom
• Ferdinand moves in and starts closing Protestant
  churchs

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Defenstration of Prague

• Protestants three two Catholic officials out of a
  window!
• They both lived Angels or Horse Sh--!
• Beginning of the Thirty Years War!

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I. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

• Civil War in Bohemia
• Bottom Line Catholic won
• Wiped out Protestants in Bohemia

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II. Danish Phase (1625-1629)

• King Christian IV of Denmark
• Poor Protestant Leader
• Catholics led by Albert of Wallenstein
• More interested in power than religion
• Led to division of Catholic forces
• Edict of Restitiution all Catholic properties
  lost to Protestantism since 1552 restored to
  Catholics Lutherans
• Attempt to return to Peace of Augsburg!

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III. Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

• King Gustavus Aldolphus (Swedish Lutheran)
• France (Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII) gave
  money to Swedes (Anti-Habsburgs!)
• Aldolphus dies after many victories.
• French (Catholics) enter on the side of
  Protestants!
• More against Spain than for Church!

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IV. French (International) Phase

• -French Foreign Policy Anti-Habsburg
• France declared war on Spain
• German agriculture and economy DESTROYED!

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Peace of Westphalia

• Recognized sovereigny of German Princes
• 300 Princes
• No central (united) government
• Holy Roman Empire destroyed
• Recognized United Provinces of Netherlands
  (Protestants)
• France and Sweden gained power

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Continued..

• France gained Alsace
• France could intervene in German affairs
• Sweden gained cash from German territories
• Pope no say in German affairs
• Augsburg Treaty (1555) reinstated but included
  Calvinism
• North German States Mostly Protestant
• South German States Mostly Catholic

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THE FINAL WORD

• GERMANY IS DESTROYED!
• WONT BE A UNIFIED COUNTRY FOR
• OVER 200 YEARS!