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Chapter 1 Food Choices And Human Health

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Title: Chapter 1 Food Choices And Human Health


1
Chapter 1Food Choices And Human Health
2
Chapter 1
  • After completing this chapter, the student should
    be able to
  • Describe the roles of nutrients in the body.
  • Discuss the ways that nutrition affects health.
  • List several personal life choices that affect
    health.
  • List the most vital nutrient, the 3
    energy-yielding nutrients, and the 2 helper
    nutrients.
  • Describe ways that food conveys emotional
    satisfaction and hormonal stimuli.
  • List and define the 5 characteristics of a
    healthy diet.
  • Explain the expression of cultural traditions
    and social values through food choices.
  • Describe the Dietary Guidelines.
  • List 4 nutrition-related health objectives.
  • Describe the research process

3
A Lifetime Of Nourishment
  • How Powerful is a Nutritious Diet in Preventing
    Disease?
  • The nutrients in food support growth,
    maintenance, and repair of the body.
  • Deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances bring on
    the diseases of malnutrition.
  • Genetics and Individuality
  • Choice of diet influences long-term health,
    within the ranges set by genetic inheritance.
  • Nutrition has no influence on some diseases but
    is closely linked to others.
  • Lifestyle Choices
  • Personal life choices, such as use of tobacco or
    alcohol or staying physically active, also
    affect health for the better or worse.

4
The Human Body And Its Food
  • The Nutrients in Foods
  • Food supplies energy and nutrients.
  • The most vital nutrient is water.
  • The energy-yielding nutrients are carbohydrates,
    fats and protein.
  • The helper nutrients are vitamins and minerals.
  • Food energy is measured in calories, food and
    nutrient quantities are often measured in grams.

5
  • Can I Forgo Food and Live Just on Supplements?
  • In addition to nutrients, food conveys emotional
    satisfaction and hormonal stimuli that contribute
    to health.

6
The Challenge Of Choosing Foods
  • The Variety of Foods to Choose From
  • Foods come in a bewildering variety in the
    arketplace, but the foods that form the basis of
    a nutritious diet are ordinary milk and milk
    products meats, fish and poultry vegetables and
    dried peas and beans fruits and grains.
  • How Exactly Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet?
  • A well-planned diet is adequate in nutrients, is
    balanced with regard to food types, offer food
    energy that matches energy expended in activity,
    is moderate in unwanted constituents, and offers
    variety.
  • Foods of high nutrient density form the
    foundation of such a diet.

7
  • Why People Choose Foods
  • Cultural traditions and social values revolve
    around food.
  • Some values are expressed through foodways.
  • Dietary Guidelines And Nutrition Objectives
  • The U.S. Department of Health and Human
    Services sets health objectives for the nation.
  • Government agencies also monitor the nutrition
    status of the population

8
The Science Of Nutrition
  • If the Scientists Dont Know, How Can I?
  • Scientists uncover nutrition facts by
    experimenting.
  • Scientific Challenge
  • Single studies must be replicated before their
    findings can be considered valid.
  • Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News?
  • New nutrition news is not always to be believed,
    established nutrition news has stood up to the
    test of time.

9
  • New nutrition news is not always to be believed,
    established nutrition news has stood up to the
    test of time.
  • Consumer Corner Reading Nutrition News With An
    Educated Eye
  • Food Feature How Can I Get Enough Nutrients
    without Consuming Too Many Calories?
  • Do It! Analyze Nutrition News

10
(No Transcript)
11
Chapter 2Nutrition Toolsstandards And
Guidelines
12
  • Chapter Summary
  • The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) set
    amounts of energy and selected nutrients
    considered adequate to meet the nutrient needs
    for most healthy people. Dietary Guidelines apply
    principles of good eating and offer practical
    advice about healthy eating. A tool for diet
    planning is the Daily Food Guide. This plan sorts
    foods into five major food groups based on
    nutrient content and origin. The exchange lists
    categorize foods by their nutrient and energy
    contents.

13
Nutrient Recommendations
  • Nutrient recommendations are currently undergoing
    change in the United States and Canada. The
    Dietary Reference Intakes are replacing
    traditional recommendations in both countries.
    The Daily Values are U.S. standards used on
    labels.

14
Goals of the DRI Committee
  • The DRI provide nutrient intake goals for
    individuals, take into account new research on
    disease prevention, provide a set of standards
    for researchers and makers of public policy, and
    establish tolerable upper limits for nutrients
    that can be toxic in excess.

15
Understanding the DRI Recommended Intakes for
Individuals
  • The DRI used in the U.S. and Canada represent
    suggested daily intakes of energy and selected
    nutrients for healthy people in the population.
    The DRI are composed of the RDA, AI, UL and EAR
    lists of values. The Daily Values are nutrient
    intake standards used on food labels.
  • How the Committee Establishes DRI ValuesAn RDA
    Example
  • The DRI are based on scientific data and are
    designed to cover the needs of virtually all
    healthy people in the U.S. and Canada.
  • Daily Values
  • The Daily Values are standards used on food
    labels to enable consumers to compare the
    nutrient values among foods.
  • Other Nutrient Standards
  • Many nations and groups issue recommendations for
    nutrient and energy intakes appropriate for
    specific groups of people

16
  • Diet Planning With The Daily Food Guide And The
    Food Guide Pyramid
  • The Daily Food Guide
  • The Daily Food Guide and other food group plans
    sort foods into groups based on their nutrients
    and origins. Then the plans suggest patterns of
    intake by group that will cover nutrient needs
  • How Can the Food Guide Pyramid Help Me to Eat
    Well?
  • The Daily Food Guide and its visual image, the
    Food Guide Pyramid, convey the basics of planning
    a diet adequate in nutrients. The Food Guide
    Pyramid fails to show how to use nutrient-dense
    foods to form the bulk of food selections from
    each group.

17
  • A Note about Exchange Systems
  • Exchange lists facilitate calorie control by
    providing an understanding of how much
    carbohydrate, fat, and protein are in each food
    group.
  • How Many Servings Do I Need Each Day?
  • The Daily Food Guide specifies how many servings
    of foods from each group people need to consume
    to meet their nutrient requirements
  • Serving Sizes versus Helpings
  • A person wishing to avoid overconsuming calories
    must pay attention to serving sizes.

18
  • Chapter 3
  • The Remarkable Body

19
  • Chapter Summary
  • The gastrointestinal tract is a flexible muscular
    tube that prepares nutrients for absorption.
    Details of the gastrointestinal system are
    regulated by the endocrine and nervous systems.
    A healthy digestive tract will help to promote
    proper functioning of the system. Balance,
    variety, moderation and adequacy of the diet
    promote optimal utilization of foods consumed.
    This chapter also discusses common digestive
    problems and strategies for dealing with them

20
  • The Bodys Cells
  • The bodys cells need energy, oxygen, and
    nutrients, including water, to remain healthy and
    do their work. Genes direct the making of each
    cells machinery, including enzymes. Specialized
    cells are grouped together to form tissues and
    organs organs work together in body systems
  • The Body Fluids And The Cardiovascular System
  • Blood and lymph deliver nutrients to all the
    bodys cells and carry waste materials away from
    them. Blood also delivers oxygen to cells. The
    ardiovascular system ensures that these fluids
    circulate properly among all organs.

21
  • The Hormonal And Nervous Systems
  • What Do Hormones Have to Do with Nutrition?
  • Glands secret hormones that act as messengers to
    help regulate body processes.
  • How Does The Nervous System Interact With
    Nutrition?
  • The nervous system joins the hormonal system to
    regulate body processes through communication
    among all the organs. Together, the hormonal and
    nervous systems respond to the need for food,
    govern the act of eating, regulate digestion, and
    call for the stress response
  • The Immune System
  • The immune system enables the body to resist
    disease

22
  • The Digestive System
  • Why Do People Like Sugar, Fat and Salt?
  • The preference for sweet, salty, and fatty tastes
    seems to be inborn and can lead to
    overconsumption of foods that offer them.
  • The Digestive Tract
  • The digestive tract is a flexible, muscular tube
    that digests food and absorbs its nutrients and
    some nonnutrients.
  • The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion
  • The digestive tract moves food through its
    various processing chambers by mechanical means.
    The mechanical actions include chewing, mixing by
    the stomach, adding fluid, and moving the tracts
    contents by peristalsis. After digestion and
    absorption, wastes are excreted

23
  • The Chemical Aspect of Digestion
  • Chemical digestion begins in the mouth, where
    food is mixed with an enzyme in saliva that acts
    of carbohydrates.
  • Digestion continues in the stomach, where stomach
    enzymes and acid break down protein.
  • Digestion then continues in the small intestine
    there the liver and gallbladder contribute bile
    that emulsifies fat, and the pancreas and small
    intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion
    so that absorption can occur.

24
  • If I Am What I Eat, Then How Does a Sandwich
    Become Me?
  • The mechanical and chemical actions of the
    digestive tract break foods down to nutrients,
    and large nutrients to their smaller building
    blocks, with remarkable efficiency.
  • Absorption and Transportation of Nutrients
  • The digestive system feeds the rest of the body
    and is itself sensitive to malnutrition. The
    folds and villi of the small intestine enlarge
    its surface area to facilitate nutrient
    absorption through uncountable cells to the blood
    and lymph. These transport systems then deliver
    the nutrients to all the body cells

25
  • A Letter From Your Digestive Tract
  • The digestive tract has many ways to communicate
    its needs. By taking the time to listen, you will
    obtain a complete understanding of the mechanics
    of the digestive tract and its signals
  • The Excretory System
  • The kidneys adjust the bloods composition in
    response to the bodys needs, disposing of
    everyday wastes and helping remove toxins.
    Nutrients, including water, and exercise help
    keep the kidneys healthy.
  • Storage Systems
  • When I Eat More Than My Body Needs, What Happens
    to the Extra Nutrients?
  • The bodys energy stores are of two principal
    kinds fat in fat cells (in potentially large
    quantities) and glycogen in muscle and liver
    cells (in smaller quantities). Other tissues
    store other nutrients.

26
  • Variations in Nutrient Stores
  • Some nutrients are stored in larger quantities
    than others.
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