CSC 110 Fluency in Information Technology Ubiquitous Computing Quantum Computing

1
CSC 110 Fluency in Information
TechnologyUbiquitous ComputingQuantum Computing

• Dr. Curry Guinn

2
Todays Class

• Whats ahead
• Ubiquitous Computing
• Quantum Computing (is to computing as nuclear
  fusion is to energy)

3
Whats Next?

• Today Future of Computing
• Nov 26 Wed No Class
• Nov 28 Fri No Class.
• Dec 01 Mon Review
• Dec 03 Wed Exam 2
• Dec 10 Wed Final Exam Due

4
Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp, Pervasive
Computing, Ambient Intelligence)
The most profound technologies are those that
disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric
of everyday life until they are indistinguishable
from it...

• Mark Weiser (1991), The Computer for the 21st
  Century, Scientific American, http//www.ubiq.com/
  hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html

5
Moores Law of User Interfaces

• The number of computers per user will double
  every two years.

Source Vertegaal, 2003
6
Major Trends in Computing
Source Weiser and Brown, 1998
7
Situation Today?

• How many personal computing devices do you
  regularly use?

8
(No Transcript)
9
Intelligent Medicare

• Objectives
• Target Primary Health Center in villages
• Technology for medical cost reduction
• Help Doctor/Nurse
• Health Care Monitoring
• Health History Database
• Application Scenario
• RFID for identification
• Registration/ Database creation

• Disabled friendly
• Consultation with specialist doctor - wireless
• Intelligent Medical jacket Non-invasive sensors
  for glucose, pressure, body fat, temperature
• Database retrieval from remote location
• Reminders for medicines/ health checkup
• Observatory room, lab, bloodbank
• RFID for medicines, blood group
• Ambulance

10
Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN)
11
(No Transcript)
12
Intelligent Home

• Ambient Light Sensor, Humidity Sensor,
  Temperature Sensor for comfort
• Blind Actuators to enable natural lighting
• Smart furniture like Chair, Table, Refrigerator,
  Bed, Mirrors etc with built in sensors
• Treadmill other gym. equipment
• Gas leakage sensor in kitchen
• Alarms Reminders
• Powerline Communication Control
• Wireless communication with central control unit

• Objectives
• Maximize comfort
• Minimize cost
• Safety Security
• Application Scenario
• RFID at doorstep identification
• Camera at doorstep
• Displays, Cameras, Mikes Speakers for
  inter-house communication
• Floor Pressure Sensor - sensing

13
Example of Natural Gestures DreamSpace
Source http//www.research.ibm.com/natural/dreams
pace/ http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRL9MpXhWCrQ
14
Social Issues

• Access rights
• Secure storage
• Users in control

15
Security, Privacy, Trust

• What data do I wish to expose? To whom?
• Who can presently access my data?
• How can I retract data exposed?
• Who am I communicating with?
• How do can the privacy of my communication and
  communication patterns?
• Who do I trust as a source of information?
• How do I convince others that I am trustworthy?
• How to make systems simultaneously secure and
  usable?

16
Ubicomp Nightmare

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vELggeiKKvxQ

17
Quantum Computing

• Going beyond Moores Law

18
Our goal for today

• Understand about quantum computing that you can
  process news articles like
• http//www.ddj.com/hpc-high-performance-computing/
  212200080
• http//www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/1539
  45/researchers_take_a_step_ahead_in_quantum_comput
  ing.html

19
What is the promise of quantum computers?

• Computing power has increased exponentially since
  the 1940s.
• Current techniques will reach a limit.
• Current computers are limited in solving certain
  mathematical problems.
• These problems are used in todays current
  encryption methods.
• Accurately modeling quantum mechanical processes.
  

20
Why Quantum Computing?

• By 2020 we will hit natural limits on the size of
  transistors
• Max out on the number of transistors per chip
• Reach the minimum size for transistors
• Reach the limit of speed for devices
• Eventually, all computing will be done using some
  sort of alternative structure
• DNA
• Cellular Automaton
• Quantum

21
Background

• The idea of the quantum computer first immerged
  in 1981.
• Richard Feynman
• A quantum computer uses the physical
  characteristics of atoms in order to create
  powerful computational devices.

22
"Do not take the lecture too seriously . . . just
relax and enjoy it. I am going to tell you what
nature behaves like. If you will simply admit
that maybe she does behave like this, you will
find her a delightful, entrancing thing. Do not
keep saying to yourself "But how can it be like
that?" because you will get . . . into a blind
alley from which nobody has yet escaped. Nobody
knows how it can be like that."
Richard Feynmann on Quantum Mechanics.
23
Strange aspects of quantum mechanics

• Superposition object doesnt have definite
  properties (location, speed) but has
  probabilities over them.

• Measurement objects properties collapse to
  definite value when measured, collapsing also
  properties of other entangled objects.

• Entanglement properties of many particles can
  be correlated.

24
Double-Slit Experiment
How does electron passing thru top slit know to
avoid mid point if bottom slit is open?
We can never catch an electron red-handed
behaving bizarrely
If we place detector then pattern turns to be as
expected.
25
Qubits

• Quantum Bits Qubits
• The basic unit of a quantum computers is the
  qubit.
• Acts like a normal bit in the fact it can be a
  one or zero.
• Because of superposition, a qubit can also be
  both at the same time.
• This superposition allows for every possible
  output or input to exist at the same time.
• Ex. 2-bit word would be 00,01,11,10 all at the
  same time.

26
Bits and Qubits

• The common characteristic of any digital computer
  is that it stores bits
• Bits represent the state of some physical system
• Electronic computers use voltage levels to
  represent bits
• Quantum systems possess properties that allow the
  encoding of bits as physical states
• Direction of spin of an electron
• The direction of polarization of a photon
• The energy level of an excited atom

27
Spin States

• An electron is always in one of two spin states
• spin up the spin is parallel to the particle
  axis
• spin down the spin is anti-parallel to the
  particle axis
• Notation

28
Qubit

• A qubit is a bit represented by a quantum system
• By convention
• A qubit state 0 is the spin up state
• A qubit state 1 is the spin down state

29

• A qubit is governed by the laws of quantum
  physics
• While a quantum system can be in one of a
  discrete set of states, it call also be in a
  blend of states called a superposition
• That is a qubit can be in

30
Cryptography (or why the NSA is interested in
quantum computing)

• Current encryption methods work by factoring
  numbers.
• Ex. 12223.
• Very easy to do for small numbers.
• Current encryption numbers use over 400 digits in
  size.
• Todays computers would take about a billion
  years to factor these numbers.

31
So How Hard is Factoring?
32
Cryptography(Continued)

• 1994 Peter W. Shor of ATT deduced how to take
  advantage of entanglement and superposition to
  find the prime factors of an integer.
• Shor found that a quantum computer could
  accomplish this factoring much faster in
  principle than a classical calculator.

33
Cryptography(Continued)
34
Quantum Computer Designs

• NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
• This is just one technique

35
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

• Developed at IBM by Issac Chaung.
• NMR was thought of in 1996
• Protons and Neutrons have spin.
• In a normal atoms these spins cancel out.
• In isotopes there are extra neutrons.
• These extra neutrons create a net positive or
  negative spin in an atom.

36
NMR

• How to implement a logic operation.
• Lining up all the spins
• A molecule is suspended in a solvent
• The solvent is then put into a spectrometers
  main magnetic field.
• This magnetic field aligns all the spins.
• Radio frequency pulse.
• One of the atoms spins will flip or not flip
  depending on the spin of the other atoms.
• Multiple pulse sequences.
• A quantum algorithm.

37
NMR(example)
Example of radio frequencies interacting with
spin.
Current NMR Machine
38
NMR(Pros Cons)

• Pros
• Nucleus is naturally protected from outside
  interference.
• Once the spins are lined up they will stay in the
  proper order for a long time.
• Nuclear qubits already exist in nature.
• Technology for manipulating these qubits already
  exists.
• Hospital magnetic resonance imaging.
• Cons
• Very large in size.
• Many are 10 feet tall.

39
NMR(In The Works)

• Currently NMR machines 3 and 7 qubit machines.
• Development by IBM to create a 10 qubit machine
  is in the works.
• There is also development of small, room
  temperature NMR machines for more practical uses.
  

40
Current Challenges

• Number of bits in a word.
• 12-qubit machines is the most advanced to date.
• Difficulty with large words is too much quantum
  interaction can produce undesired results. All
  the atoms interact with each other.
• Physical size of the machines.
• Current machines are too large to be of practical
  use to everyday society.

41
IBMs Implementation

• A modification of Shors algorithm was
  implemented by IBM in 2001 using a designer
  molecule with 7 individually addressable qubits.
  NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques
  enabled them to factor 15.

42
Implementation

• Scaling up for larger numbers is theoretically
  unlimited practically, error-correcting codes
  will be required
• If you can build a big enough quantum computer,
  you can crack RSA-1024 (about 300 decimal digits)
  in your lifetime.

43
Wrap-up

• Mon, December 1 Review for Exam 2
• Wed, December 3 Exam 2
• In the meantime, study chapter questions on
  Blackboard.
• For Exam 2, you may bring one 8 ½ x 11 inch sheet
  of paper with whatever you want on it (front and
  back).