Read the poem. What does it mean to be a silent bystander? How does this poem show the consequences of being just that?

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Read the poem. What does it mean to be a silent
bystander? How does this poem show the
consequences of being just that?

• First they came for the Jews
• and I did not speak out
• because I was not a Jew.
• Then they came for the Communists
• and I did not speak out
• because I was not a communist.
• Then they came for the trade unionists
• and I did not speak out
• because I was not a trade unionist.
• Then they came for me
• and there was no one left to speak out for me.
• Pastor Niemoeller

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Antisemitism

• Political leaders who used antisemitism as a tool
  relied on the ideas of racial science to portray
  Jews as a race instead of a religion.
• Nazi teachers began to apply the principles of
  racial science by measuring skull size and nose
  length and recording students eye color and hair
  to determine whether students belonged the the
  Aryan race.

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Totalitarian State

• Paranoia and fear dominate
• Government has total control over the
  cultureAggressive
• Capable of indiscriminate killing
• Nazis passed
• laws which
• restricted the
• rights of Jews
• Nuremberg
• Laws

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Totalitarian State

• The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their German
  citizenship. They were prohibited from marrying
  or having sexual relations with persons of
  German or related blood.

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Totalitarian State
Jews, like all other German citizens, were
required to carry identity cards, but their cards
were stamped with a red J. This allowed police
to easily identify them.
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Totalitarian State

• The Nazis used propaganda to promote their
  anti-Semitic ideas.
• One such book was the childrens book, The
  Poisonous Mushroom.

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Persecution

• The Nazi plan for dealing with the Jewish
• Question evolved in three steps
• 1. Expulsion Get them out of Germany
• 2. Containment Put them all together in one
  place namely ghettos
• 3. Final Solution annihilation

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Persecution

• Nazis targeted other individuals and groups in
  addition to the Jews

• Gypsies (Sinti and Roma)
• Homosexual men
• Jehovahs Witness
• Handicapped Germans
• Blacks
• Political dissidents

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Persecution

• Kristallnacht was the Night of Broken Glass on
  November 9-10, 1938
• Germans attacked synagogues and Jewish homes and
  businesses

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Prelude to the Final Solution
Einsatzgruppen were mobile killing squads made up
of Nazi (SS) units and police. They killed Jews
in mass shooting actions throughout eastern
Poland and the western Soviet Union.
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The Final Solution

• In January 1942, Himmler decided to change
  tactics once again and called a special
  conference at Wannsee.
• At this conference it was decided that the
  existing methods were too inefficient and that a
  new Final Solution was necessary.

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Final Solution

• The Nazis aimed to control the Jewish population
  by forcing them to live in areas that were
  designated for Jews only, called ghettos.
• Ghettos were established across all of occupied
  Europe, especially in areas where there was
  already a large Jewish population.

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Final Solution

• Many ghettos were closed by barbed wire or walls
  and were guarded by SS or local police.
• Jews sometimes had to use bridges to go over
  Aryan streets that ran through the ghetto.

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Final Solution

• Life in the ghettos was hard food was rationed
  several families often shared a small space
  disease spread rapidly heating, ventilation, and
  sanitation were limited.
• Many children were
• orphaned in the
• ghettos.

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Final Solution

• Death camps were the means the Nazis used to
  achieve the final solution.
• There were six death camps Auschwitz-Birkenau,
  Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek, and
  Belzec.
• Each used gas chambers to murder the Jews. At
  Auschwitz prisoners were told the gas chambers
  were showers.

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Where were the Death Camps built?
The work of the Einsatzgruppen
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Auschwitz-Birkenau
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Auschwitz-Birkenau
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Auschwitz Orchestra
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Map of Auschwitz
New Arrivals
Showers
Destruction Through Work
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Auschwitz from the air
Notice how the Death camp is set out like a
factory complex
The Nazis used industrial methods to murder the
Jews and process their dead bodies
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The Gas Chambers

• The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners
  into small cement rooms and drop canisters of
  Zyklon B, or prussic acid, in its crystal form
  through small holes in the roof.
• These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as
  showers or bathing houses.

The SS would try and pack up to 2000 people into
this gas chamber
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The outside of the Gas Chamber
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Processing the bodies

• Specially selected Jews known as the
  Sonderkommando were used to remove the gold
  fillings and hair of people who had been gassed.
• The Sonderkommando Jews were also forced to feed
  the dead bodies into the crematorium.

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Dead bodies waiting to be processed
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Shoes waiting to be processed by the
Sonderkommando
Taken inside a huge glass case in the Auschwitz
Museum. This represents one day's collection at
the peak of the gassings, about twenty five
thousand pairs.
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Destruction Through Work
This photo was taken by the Nazis to show just
how you could quite literally work the fat off
the Jews by feeding them 200 calories a day
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Destruction Through Work
Same group of Jews 6 weeks later
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Final Solution
There were many concentration and labor camps
where many people died from exposure, lack of
food, extreme working conditions, torture, and
executions.
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Typhus

• High fever
• Red rash
• Delirium
• Depression
• Severe headache
• Spread by lice and fleas

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Death Camps

• Most prisoners were emaciated to the point of
  being skeletal.
• Many camps had dead bodies lying in piles like
  cordwood.
• Many prisoners died even after liberation.

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Death Marches
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Number by Number6 years

• 1939 WWII begins when Germany invades Poland
• 6,000,000 Jews were murdered
• -1,500,000 Jewish children were murdered
• 5,000,000 others were killed
• 1945 WWII ends when Germany (May 8) and Japan
  (August 14) surrender

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Was the Final Solution successful?

• The Nazis aimed to kill 11 million Jews at the
  Wannsee Conference in 1941
• The Nazis managed to kill at least 6 million
  Jews.
• Today there are only 2000 Jews living in Poland.

• Men like Schindler helped Jews escape the Final
  Solution.
• Not all Jews went quietly into the gas chambers.
• In 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto, like many others
  revolted against the Nazis when the Jews realized
  what was really happening.

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