MicroLevel GIS: Exploring the Use of GIS for Intrabuilding Analysis

1
Micro-Level GIS Exploring the Use of GIS for
Intra-building Analysis

• Amy Rose
• GIS Analyst
• City of Frisco
• 11/29/07

2
Introduction

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are widely
  used for modeling urban infrastructure such as
  transportation networks and place locations.
• In parallel, a typical building structure also
  contains features and networks that can be
  modeled.

3
Objective

• Explore the usage of existing GIS for successful
  management of the intra-building environment
• ArcReader document for daily use
• Provide easy access to facility maps that show
  rooms/cubicles as wells as basic assets such as
  copiers
• Egress Analysis to determine risk
• Review the use of GIS Network Analysis tools for
  finding the optimal evacuation route for each
  room/cubicle within the building
• Tornado Safety Areas defined
• Assess the capacity of Tornado Safety Areas
  relative to occupancy
• ArcServer website for world wide access
• Dynamic data display

4
Existing Technology

• General Facilities Management
• Rmc
• Single interface--Links to CAD, GIS and other
  data such photos
• Famis
• Used by Colleges for space management
• Interface that is strongly linked to
  AutoCAD--AutoDesk MapGuide
• ESRI (less common)
• Used by some colleges (UTD) and large facilities
  (Langley Research Center) (unknown. 2004. GIS for
  Space Management. ESRI promotional brochure)
• Simulations
• Crowd Dynamics Ltd.
• Exodus

5
Current Applications and Proposals of GIS for
Intra-building Use

• GIS has been reasoned to be a very efficient
  and effective tool. for Library space management
  Xia, Fingfeng.
  2004. Library space management a GIS proposal.
  Library Hi Tech vol. 22, no. 4 375-382
• UTDs Spatial Inventory Database (SID) to help
  with required space reporting Valcik, Nicolas
  A. and Patricia Huesca-Dorantes. 2003. Building a
  GIS Database for Space and Facilities Management.
  New Directions for Institutional Research no.
  120, Winter 53-61.

6
Current Applications and Proposals of GIS for
Intra-building Use cont.

• 3D Navigable Data Model Lee,
  Jiyeong. 2007. A Three-Dimensional Navigable Data
  Model to Support Emergency Response in
  Microspatial Built-Environments. Annals of the
  Association of American Geographers 97(3)
  512-529
• Simulation Modeling and GIS de
  Silva, F. Nisha. 2001. Providing spatial decision
  support for evacuation planning a challenge in
  integrating technologies. Disaster Prevention and
  Management. Vol. 10, no. 1 11-20

7
Target Building

• The newly constructed George A. Purefoy Municipal
  Center

8
Intra-building Infrastructure
9
Data Sources

• External Sources (furniture contractor)
• Buildings Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Files
• Structure
• Furniture
• Fixtures
• Internal Sources
• Phone and Employee locations
• Room Numbering
• Tornado Safety Areas
• Points of Interest (Copier locations, etc)

10
Examples of CAD data

• Looks pretty at first

11
CAD Processing

• Scaled and rectified
• Used known measurements from the map in order to
  correctly scale the CAD
• Used placement points obtained from aerial
  imagery

12
CAD Processing cont.

• Created GIS data
• From CAD features
• Used toolbox CAD translation function (CAD to
  feature)
• Corrected erroneous identifications within the
  file
• From internal table data provided
• Created Points
• Points of interest
• Label Points for Room and Cubicle numbers
• Created Lines
• Egress
• Created Polygons
• Tornado Safety Areas

13
CAD Processing cont.

• Cleaned the data
• Duplicate lines
• Lines with no shape
• This can cause problems!!
• Rough draft lines (usually off to the side)
• Surrounds

14
ArcReader

• Provide daily mapping support
• View employee locations
• View facility-wide assets
• Copiers and faxes

15
ArcReader for daily activities
16
Egress Analysis

• Create advanced evacuation planning
• Visualize egress routes
• Provide a foundation for further study

17
Egress Analysis

• A network is a graph with one or more numbers
  associated with each edge or arc. These numbers
  might represent distances, costs, reliabilities,
  or other relevant parameters.
  Evans, James R. and Edward Minieka.
  1992. Optimization Algorithms for Networks and
  Graphs, Second Edition. New York Marcel Dekker,
  Inc.

18
Egress Analysis to determine risk

• Floors were spatially skewed in order to provide
  a better view of floor connections
• Routes were created (arcs) such that all
  rooms/cubicles (nodes) were located along the
  arcs

19
Creating the Routes (Network)

• Cost is measured in time
• Cost was determined by taking the averages of
  three experiments
• Side stairs 0.712 seconds per stair (includes
  landings)
• Middle stairs 0.857 seconds per stair (includes
  landings)
• Walking 0.275 seconds per foot
• A network dataset was created by the extension
  Network Analyst using Origins, Exits and the
  Egress Route network created previously

20
(No Transcript)
21
Origin-Destination Cost (ODC) Matrix

• Resulting ODC matrix
• ODC Matrix was used to identify evacuation risk
• The ODC table was used to relate back to the
  origins in order to determine the spread of
  evacuation risk within the building
• Where are the rooms/cubicles that have the
  highest cost (longest amount of time) during
  evacuation

22
(No Transcript)
23
Optimal Egress Routes by Cost by Floor
24
Highest Cost Room
25
Examining the results
120.784 seconds

• The shortest path calculated for the room with
  the highest traversal cost appeared to be
  incorrect. The nearest stairs were not utilized.

26
Examining the results cont.
132.850 seconds

• However the middle stairs have a higher cost to
  traverse them than the side stairs.
• The result was correct.

27
Tornado Safety Areas

• Understand how tornado safety areas are located
  throughout the building
• Examine if there are any shortcomings in the
  space required during an event

28
Tornado Safety Areas

• Designated tornado safety areas
• Generally those areas without outside windows or
  an area that it significantly shielded from
  outside windows

29
Looking at Tornado Safety Areas

• Delineated these areas within ArcMap
• Determined floor percentages of tornado safety
  areas
• Drew polygons for each floor to get rough area
  estimates
• Assessed the available Tornado Safety areas in
  relation to the number of occupants on the
  Employee side of the building

30
Percentage of each floor that is designated as a
tornado safety area
47.671
11.165
12.207
20.295
27.219
90.406
31
Available tornado safety area per room/cubicle
(employees)
176.262 ft2
51.336 ft2
9.220 ft2
147.106 ft2
148.968 ft2
753.390 ft2
32
Examining the results

• The FEMA Publication 361, Design and Construction
  Guidance for Community Shelters (2000) recommends
  at least 5 ft2 per person within tornado safety
  shelters
• As shown in the previous slide, this
  recommendation is easily met

33
ArcServer website

• World wide access to live data
• DEMO

34
Future Implementations of GIS for Intra-building
Analysis

• Asset Tracking and Analysis
• Nearest tornado safety area
• Account for bottlenecks in egress study
• Perhaps implementing optimization models
  previously proposed
  Chalmet, L. G., R. L. Francis and P. B.
  Saunders. 1982. Network Models for Building
  Evacuation. Management Science vol. 28, no. 1.
  86-105

35
Conclusion

• GIS has been shown to successfully provide key
  elements of managing the intra-building
  environment
• Safety
• Evacuation Planning
• Tornado Safety
• Daily Activities
• ArcReader
• ArcServer

36
References

• Chalmet, L. G., R. L. Francis and P. B. Saunders.
  1982. Network Models for Building Evacuation.
  Management Science vol. 28, no. 1. 86-105
• Evans, James R. and Edward Minieka. 1992.
  Optimization Algorithms for Networks and Graphs,
  Second Edition. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc.
• Lee, Jiyeong. 2007. A Three-Dimensional Navigable
  Data Model to Support Emergency Response in
  Microspatial Built-Environments. Annals of the
  Association of American Geographers 97(3)
  512-529
• FEMA. 2000. Design and Construction Guide for
  Community Shelters. unknown
• Valcik, Nicolas A. and Patricia Huesca-Dorantes.
  2003. Building a GIS Database for Space and
  Facilities Management. New Directions for
  Institutional Research no. 120, Winter 53-61.
• Xia, Fingfeng. 2004. Library space management a
  GIS proposal. Library Hi Tech vol. 22, no. 4
  375-382

37
Questions?