Unit 5: Classification and Kingdoms

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Unit 5 Classification and Kingdoms

• Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista

• All are Eukaryotic
• Classified based on how they obtain nutrition
• Animal-like Protists are heterotrophic.
• Plant-like Protists are photoautotrophic.
• Fungus-like Protists are decomposers or parasites.

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4 Phyla of Animal-like Protists.

• 4 Phyla classified by movement
• Zoomastigina (Zooflagellates)
• Sarcodina / Rhizopoda (Sarcodines)
• Ciliaphora (Ciliates)
• Sporozoa (Sporozoans)

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I. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)

• Zooflagellates
• use flagella to move
• Absorb food through their cell membranes
• Most live in lakes and streams (some live in the
  bodies of other organisms)
• Reproduce asexually ? binary fission, (some have
  a sexual life cycle)

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Animal-like Protists (continued)

• Sarcodines (Rhizopoda)
• -Includes Amoebas
• - have food vacuoles for storage
• -reproduction via binary fission (asexual)
• - move by extensions of cytoplasm ?
• pseudopodia

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I. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)

• Ciliaphora
• -use cilia (hair-like projections) to move,
  feed, and sense their surrounding environment
• - complex organelles include macronuclei,
  micronuclei, contractile vacuoles (gets rid of
  excess water)
• Example Paramecium

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Ciliate Reproduction

• Ciliates can be found in fresh and salt water
• Under most conditions, ciliates reproduce
  asexually by mitosis and binary fission
• However, when placed under stress, cilia may
  engage in conjugation (sexual)
• During conjugation, 2 cilia attach themselves to
  each other and exchange genetic information

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Animal-like Protists (continued)

• Sporozoa
• - sessile ?do not move
• - parasites- Sporozoa reproduce with
  sporozoites (cells that result from multiple
  fission and replicate within a hosts liver)
• Ex. Plasmodium causes malaria and Trypanosoma
  causes African Sleeping Sickness

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II. Plant-Like Protists (Photoautrophic)

• Two Categories
• Unicellular Algae ? 4 phyla types
• Euglenophyta (Euglenophytes)
• Phynophyta (Dinoflagellates)
• Chrysophyta (Chrysophytes)
• Bacillaniophyta (Diatoms)
• Multicellular Algae ? 3phyla types
• Common plant Algae

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II. Plant-Like Protists (Algae)

• Unicellular Examples
• 1) Euglenophytes 2 flagella for movement.
  Example Euglena
• 2) Dinoflagellates Most complete
  photosynthesis you may have a population
  explosion (algal bloom), which contaminates
  seawater and organisms living there.

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Red Tides

• Great blooms of the dinoflagellates have occurred
  in recent years on the east coast
• These blooms are known as red tides
• These species release a potentially harmful toxin
  that infect certain shellfish
• Eating these infected shellfish can be harmful or
  fatal

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Plant-like Protists (Unicellular Algae)

• Diatoms beautiful, silicon-rich cell walls
  used as an abrasive agent in many products
• Toothpaste
• Glass Making
• Pool filters

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Plant-like Protists (Unicellular Algae)

• 4) Chrysophytes
• - a diverse group of plantlike protists that
  have gold-colored chloroplasts
• Sessile ? but have a flagella to assist in
  movement during harsh conditions
• Includes yellow-green algae and golden-brown
  algae
• Reproduction can be sexual or asexual

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Plant-like Protists (Multicellular Algae)

• Multicellular Examples
• Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
• Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
• Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
• Can be multicellular (Ulva), Colonial (Volvox),
  or unicellular (Chlamydomonas).

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Red Algae
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
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Brown Algae
Giant kelp
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Green Algae most abundant type of algae on
earth!!!
Chlamhydomonas unicellular green algae
Volvox colonial green algae
Ulva multicellular green algae
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What are Plant-Like Protists Used For?

• Phytoplankton small, photosynthetic organisms
  on the surface of the ocean Do about ½ of all
  photosynthesis on planet Major oxygen producers
  
• Algae Phytoplankton are known as the grass of
  the sea for many animals.

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Human Uses of Algae

• Sushi rolls
• Ice creams
• Salad dressings
• Syrup
• Candy bars
• Plastics
• Waxes
• Deodorants
• Paints

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III. Fungus-Like Protists

• Heterotrophs that decompose dead/decaying organic
  matter and absorb nutrients.
• Two Types Slime Molds Water Molds

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III. Fungus-Like Protists

• Slime Molds
• Cellular Slime Molds
• Individual cells remain distinct throughout life
• Single cells migrate to one uniform colony
• Colony produces a fruiting body with spores
• Plasmodial Slime Molds (Ascellular)
• Single-celled with many nuclei (can be several
  meters long)
• Produces sporangia which releases spores.

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III. Fungus-Like Protists

• Water Molds
• White, fuzzy organisms that grow on dead organic
  matter in water and are plant parasites.
• The water mold Phytophthora infestans caused the
  Irish Potato Famine of 1845.