New World Beginnings 33,000 B'C'A'D' 1769

1
New World Beginnings33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769

• Chapter 1
• American and Arizona History

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Overview

• Recorded history starts about 6,000 year ago
• Middle Eastern cultures
• About 500 years ago, European explorers arrive in
  the Americas
• Arrival of Europeans in the Americas affected
  four continents forever

3
Chapter Themes

• Discoverers of America were small bands of
  hunters who crossed the Siberian land bridge
• Europes demand for Eastern luxuries prompted the
  exploration of trade routes to reduce expenses
  for those goods
• Portuguese and Spanish explorers conquered much
  of the Americas fostering a collision of worlds
  affecting Europe, the Americas and Africa

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The Shaping of North America

• Earth was one supercontinent 225 million years
  ago
• All of worlds dry land
• Enormous chunks of land drifted apart, forming
  continents

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The Shaping of North America

• Shifting and folding of the earths crust, plus
  molten earth uprisings, formed majestic mountain
  ranges
• Born after the continent had taken shape
• 135-25 million years ago

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The Shaping of North America

• Great Ice Age
• Two million years ago
• 2-mile thick ice
• Ohio to Dakotas
• Formed Great Lakes
• Formed Great Salt Lake
• Etc.

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Peopling the Americas

• An Ice Age created massive glaciers, lowering sea
  level
• Land bridge exposed
• Bering StraitSiberia and Alaska
• Nomadic Asian hunters were immigrant ancestors
  of Native Americans

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Peopling the Americas

• Migration lasted 250 centuries
• People moved through both American continents

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Peopling the Americas

• The ice melted, land migration stopped, and the
  now isolated American continents had a marooned
  human family

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Peopling the Americas

• By 1492, an estimated 54 million people
  throughout the Americas
• Countless tribes formed
• 2000 languages
• Diverse religions, cultures, ways of life

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Peopling the Americas

• Three well-known and sophisticated civilizations
  in South and Central America
• Incas of Peru
• Mayans in Central America
• Aztecs in Mexico

Aztecs
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The Earliest Americans

• About 5000 B.C., hunter-gatherers developed maize
  from a wild grass
• Became staff of life
• Became foundation of Aztec and Incan
  nation-states
• Corn reached Southwest U.S. by 1200 B.C.

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Peopling the Americas

• Central/South American civilizations based
  advanced agricultural practices on maize
• Without horses, oxen, and high technology, they
  built cities and carried on sophisticated commerce

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The Earliest Americans

• The Southwest was known as the Pueblo culture
• Sophisticated irrigation for their corn crops
• Village dwelling
• Pueblo means village
• Spanish explorers made contact in 16th century

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The Earliest Americans
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The Earliest Americans

• Native American tribes north of Mexico and east
  of the Pueblo sites were less elaborately
  developed
• Less dense concentrations of people
• No complex nation-states
• Easier to conquer than sophisticated societies
• Native North Americans relatively easier conquer

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The Earliest Americans

• Relatively significant societies that declined
  around A.D. 1300, perhaps due to drought
• Mound builders of Ohio River
• Cahokia peoples of East St Louis
• Anasazi peoples of Southwest

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The Earliest Americans

• Tribes in the East that flourished due to a
  concentration of healthy foods grown, to include
  corn, squash, and beans
• Creek
• Choctaw
• Cherokee

Cherokee woman
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The Earliest Americans

• The Iroquois Confederacy in the Northeast came
  the closest to a great nation state as in Peru
  and Mexico
• Legendary leader, Hiawatha
• Good military and political skills
• Could sustain a military alliance to menace
  neighbors

Hiawatha
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The Earliest Americans

• Generally, Native Americans lived in small,
  scattered, impermanent settlements when Europeans
  arrived
• Women tended crops as men hunted
• Women had substantial authority
• Many, like the Iroquois, developed matrilinear
  cultures

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The Earliest Americans

• Two different philosophies European vs Native
  American
• Europeans believed in dominion over the earth
  using their technologies
• Native Americans had neither the desire nor means
  to manipulate nature aggressively
• Sometimes they set fires to create better hunting
  grounds, e.g. deer

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The Earliest Americans

• Native Americans had very little affect on the
  land
• Few in number
• Spread out
• By 1492, probably about 4 million

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• The Europeans were not aware of the Americas
• Norsemen from Scandinavia did landed in
  Newfoundland about A.D. 1000

Leif Erickson
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• Eric Erickson
• Because Newfoundland abound with grapes, he
  called it Vinland
• The small settlement establishments went away
• Discovery remembered in saga and song
• No further voyages from the Norsemen

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• For many centuries after the Norsemen, the wider
  world sought by Europeans did not include the
  Americas
• Europeans looked for conquest and trade
  elsewherebut their quest eventually led to the
  Americas

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• From the 11th to the 14th centuries, Christian
  crusaders pushed into the Holy Land to wrest it
  from Muslim control
• They began to acquire a taste for exotic Asian
  goods

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• Goods once unknown to Europe were sought
• Silk
• Drugspain reducers
• Perfumes
• Draperies
• Spicessugar, for preserving and flavoring food

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• The luxuries of the East were expensive
• Goods had to be transported enormous distances
• Transport was by sea or camelback across
  dangerous and expensive terrainMuslim
  middlemen exacted a toll

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

• By the time goods arrived at Venice or Genoa in
  Italy, the profits were narrow and limited
• Suppliers began to seek alternative routes to the
  East

Spices preserved and improved food
taste
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Europeans Enter Africa

• Marco Polo, with his book that described his
  travels to the China, fostered interest in
  reaching the Far East
• Some historians say he may never have reached
  China

Marco Polo
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Europeans Enter Africa

• Before 15th century, European sailors would not
  sail southward along the African coast
• They could not return the same way
• Prevailing headwinds (northerly) too strong
• South flowing currents also strong

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Portuguese developed caravel ship which could
  Knife through currents and wind about 1450
• Also, improved route toward Azores, then home

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Sub-Saharan Africa became accessible to
  Europeansparticularly Portuguese
• Caravel ships and good Portuguese navigation
  brought the Portuguese down the coast of Africa
• Portuguese established trading locations along
  the coast
• Portuguese sought gold and slaves

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Arabs and Africans had traded slaves for
  centuries before the Europeans arrived
• Slaves taken further away were more expensive
  because the could not escape to home and they
  could be rescued

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Persons from same tribes were deliberately
  separated to frustrate resistance

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Europeans Enter Africa

• The nature of slavery in Africa, from its
  beginning, inhibited the identification and
  expression of regional African cultures and
  tribal identities

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Europeans Enter Africa

• The Portuguese built up their own system of slave
  trade
• Portuguese used slaves to service sugar
  plantations of islands off Africa Madeira, the
  Canaries, Sao Tome, and Principe

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Portuguese slave business dwarfed the previous
  traders
• 40,000 sent to islands off Africa
• Millions more eventually sent to the Americas
  upon their discovery

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Europeans Enter Africa

• The Portuguese founded the early model for the
  plantation system
• Large commercial plantations and exploited slave
  labor to keep them running

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Portuguese pushed further down the African coast
• Bartholomeu Diaz rounded coast in 1488
• Vasco da Gama reached India 10 years later
• Indies was the term given by Europeans to all
  mysterious lands east

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Europeans Enter Africa

• Spains newly united kingdom had destiny
  written all over it
• Ferdinand of Aragon
• Isabella of Castile

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Europe Enters Africa

• Under the new monarchs, Spain expelled the
  infidel Muslim Moors for Spain
• There had been centuries of warfare between the
  Muslims and Christians

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Europe Enters Africa

• The Spaniards and Portuguese became rivals
• Each raced to outdo the other for the wealth of
  the Indies
• Portuguese controlled African coast and east and
  south
• Spain now looked westward

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Columbus Comes Upon a new World

• The stage is set
• Demand for products
• Africa is source of cheap labor
• Portuguese demonstrate long-range navigation
• Spain is now modern and looking for wealth and
  power
• The Renaissance introduces new tools and ideas,
  e.g. the mariners compass
• The new printing press spreads scientific
  knowledge

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Columbus Comes upon a New World

• Enter Christopher Columbus
• Persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish
  monarchs, to support his voyage
• Acquired three ships
• After 6 weeks at sea, the crew grew mutinous
• October 12, 1492, the crew sighted an island in
  the Bahamas

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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World

• His achievement was really a successful failure
• Seeking a route to the Indies, he found a new
  worldunknown to him at the time
• He called the native peoples, Indiansa mistake
  that stuck

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Columbus Comes Upon a New World

• Columbuss discovery convulsed four continents
• Europe, Africa, the Americas
• An interdependent economic system never dreamed
  of before

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Columbus Comes Upon a New World

• Continent

• Resource(s)

• Europe
• Africa
• New World

• Markets, Capital, technology
• Labor
• Raw materials (precious metal, rich soil for
  sugar cane, etc.)

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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World

• Columbus thought he was on island off the Asian
  coast, while really being in the Caribbean
• First voyage, he landed on the Bahamas

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When Worlds Collide

• Two ecosystems collide when Columbus arrives in
  the New World
• Different plant and animal life
• Iguanas and snakes with castanets (rattle snakes)
• Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes
• New foods fed the rapid population growth of the
  Old World
• 60 of crops cultivated to around the world today
  came from the New World

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When Worlds Collide

• The African population boom was supported by
  foods developed in the New World
• Replacing the loss of peoples from
  slaveryphysically, but not morally

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When Worlds Collide

• In 1493, Columbus returned to the Caribbean
  island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican
  Republic)
• Seventeen ships loaded with 1700 men and various
  animals including cattle, horses, and swine
• Horses reached North America and positively
  influenced the cultures of the American Indian
• Sugar cane thrived in the warm Caribbean climate
  producing a sugar revolution

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When Worlds Collide

• Not overly emphasized in the current text, there
  are generally three reasons for exploration on
  the part of the Europeans
• God
• Gold
• Glory

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Movie of First Voyage of Columbus
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When Worlds Collide

• Europeans brought both the good and bad with
  them
• Dirt in their boots gave us Kentucky bluegrass,
  dandelions, and daisies
• In their bodies, they carried smallpox, yellow
  fever, and malaria

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When Worlds Collide

• Old world diseases devastate new world peoples
• Old world peoples had developed immune systems
• New world peoples had no protective antibodies
• Whole tribes were wiped out or nearly wiped out
• Taino natives of Hispaniola went from 1 million
  to 200 people

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When Worlds Collide

• The devastation to the Native American was
  muskets, but deadly microbes
• Some estimates say that 90 of Native American
  population perished
• Most Native Americans never saw a Europeanthe
  disease moved out in front of discoverers

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When Worlds Collide

• The disease impact was not intentional by the
  European, but
• Entire cultures and ancient ways were
  extinguished
• Indians tried to infuse bread with their blood as
  a revengenot effective
• Indians unintentionally passed syphilis to the
  Europeans

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When Worlds Collide

• To New World

• To Old World

• Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
• Horses, cows, pigs
• Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza,
  typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever
• Slave labor

• Gold
• Silver
• Corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco,
  beans, vanilla, chocolate

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Europeans realized the Americas had
  richesparticularly gold and silver
• Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Americas
  between Portugal and Spain
• Most went to Spain

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Spain was dominant explorer and colonizer of the
  1500s
• Started with Caribbean and moved into the
  mainland Americas

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Two significant exploits
• Vasco Nunez Balboa
• Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean after waking
  across Panama
• Ferdinand Magellan
• First to circumnavigate the globe
• Killed in the Philippines by the inhabitants

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Juan Ponce de Leon (1513-21)
• Discovered Puerto Rico and explored Florida
• Died of wound from arrow Florida natives
• Francisco Coronado (1540-52)
• Quest for golden cities in the Southwest
• Discovered Grande Canyon and Colorado River

Juan Ponce de Leon
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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Hernando de Soto (1539-42)
• Sought gold in Florida
• Crossed Mississippi River north of Arkansas River
• Greatly mistreated Indians
• Died of fever and wounds

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Francisco Pizarro (1532)
• Crushed Incas in Peru
• Filled Spains coffers with silver
• Fed European money supply with fueled the growth
  of capitalism
• Helped established modern commercial banking
• Fostered international trade
• Stimulated commerce and manufacturing

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• The West Indies served as staging point for
  Spanish conquests on the continents
• Supplies stored
• Rest and recuperation

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• To subdue the advanced civilizations of Mexico
  and Peru, the technique encomienda was used
• Permitted the government to commend or give
  Indians to certain colonists if they would bring
  them to Christianity
• In reality, it was slavery

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The Spanish Conquistadores

• Bartolome de Las Casas, Dominican friar, wrote of
  the encomienda
• a moral pestilence invented by Satan
• Bartolome de Las Cases on the diseases and cruel
  policies of the Spanish
• Who of those in future centuries will believe
  this? I myself who am writing this and saw it
  and know the most about it can hardly believe
  that such was possible

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Hernon Cortes conquers the Aztecs
• Sought Aztec gold
• Helped by Malinche, female native slave and
  interpreter
• Learned of unrest by peoples Aztecs demanded
  tribute from and made allies them
• Met with the Aztec chief, Moctezuma
• Moctezuma thought he was the god, Quetzalcoatl

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Hernan Cortes (cont)
• Moctezuma permitted Cortes to approach the city
  of Tenochtitlan
• Aztec capital
• 300, 000 people
• Highly advanced city of exceptional beauty

Hernan Cortes
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The Conquest of Mexico

• Hernan Cortes (cont)
• Aztecs soon became angry with Spaniards lust for
  gold
• On June 30, 1520, the Aztecs drove Cortes out
• Cortes laid siege to the city and the Aztecs
  capitulated on August 13, 1521

Moctezuma
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The Conquest of Mexico

• Hernan Cortes (cont)
• Aztecs died from disease by the millions
• Easy for Cortes to conquer

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Spanish brought culture that was easily adapted
  by peoples of Mexico
• Crops, animals, language, and laws
• Intermarriages created mestizos, people of mixed
  Indian and European heritage

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Despite Spanish cruelty, Mexico celebrate
  Columbus Day as the Dia de la Razathe birthday
  of a whole new race of people

Mestizos
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The Spread of Spanish America

• Spains colonial empire grew rapidly
• Hundreds of cities created in the Americas
• 160,000 Spaniards subjugated millions of Indians

Spanish torturing Indians
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The Spread of Spanish America

• Universities established in Mexico City and Lima,
  Peru
• 85 years before Harvard

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The Spread of Spanish America

• The English get involved
• Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)
• Explores Northeastern coast of North America
• 1497-98

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The Spread of Spanish America

• France sent Italian Giovanni da Verrazano to
  probe the eastern seashore of North America
• Frenchman Jacques Cartier journeyed up the St
  Lawrence River

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The Spread of Spanish America

• Spain began to fortify their North American lands
• Secure them against other nations
• Convert Indians to Christianity
• St Augustine, Florida
• Oldest continually inhabited European settlement
  in the future United States

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The Spread of Spanish America

• The Spaniard Juan de Onate proclaimed his
  explored area the Province of New Mexico
• He cruelly abused the Pueblo people he conquered
• After the Battle of Acoma, the Spanish severed
  one foot of each survivor

84
The Spread of Spanish America

• The Roman Catholic Church became the central
  institution of New Mexico
• Missionaries efforts to convert peoples to
  Christianity fostered a revolt called Popes
  Rebellion
• Indians killed scores of priest and hundreds of
  Spanish settlers
• Took over 50 years to return New Mexico to the
  Spanish

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The Spread of Spanish America

• Spanish continued to establish missions
• San Antonio, Texas
• The Alamo
• California Father Junipero Serra
• Founded 21 missions

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The Spread of Spanish America

• The Good

• The Bad

• Erected colossal empire
• Culture, laws, religion, and language
• Infused the native Americans into Spanish culture

• The Black Legend
• Tortured and butchered Indians
• Stole gold
• Infected Indians with disease
• Enslaved Indians