ENDURINGVISION CH 6 NOTES: War and Revolution: (notes go through end of the War - 1783

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ENDURINGVISION CH 6 NOTES War and Revolution
(notes go through end of the War - 1783

• America's first Civil War (debatable
  terminology)
• a. Against the British
• b. Patriots (Whigs) vs. Loyalists
  (Tories)
• Loyalists and other British Sympathizers
• 20 of all whites (Mostly NY and NJ)
• Recent British emigrants and French
  Canadians
• 20000 escaped slaves
• most Indian tribes

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Opposing Sides

• American advantages
• didn't have to conquer the redcoats,
  only resist until support faded
• Americans mobilized smaller
  population more effectively
• American disadvantages
• 20 of free population opposed to
  the revolution
• good guerrilla fighters but poorly
  trained for heated battles
• few experienced officers

• British advantages
• 11 mil. to 2.5 mil.
• world's largest navy
• one of the best professional armies
• British disadvantages
• difficulty recruiting
• 21,000 loyalists
• 30,000 Hessian mercenaries
• financial strain was formidable

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Revolution in the North 17751776
Early fighting in the north primarily covered New
York to the border of Canada. The US was led
early on by General Benedict Arnold.
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Second Continental Congress
Representatives brought money to help establish
the
Continental Army (i.e. pay soldiers, buy guns,
bullets, food, and uniforms
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• Paper Currency (p. 174)

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George Washington - Commander of the Continental
Army

• George Washington
• Chosen commander because experience in
  imperial wars with France
• Much of the success of the campaign
  rested in his ability to inspire his men to
  continue fighting despite numerous defeats.

Martha Custis Washington
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The Olive Branch Petition

• Most colonial delegates still hoped for
  reconciliation and offered the Olive Branch
  Petition to George III
• Olive Branch Petition
• Cease fire at Boston
• Repeal of the Coercive Acts
• Negotiations to establish American Rights
• British ignored this and declared colonists in
  rebellion Dec. 1775

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Thomas Paine Common Sense (1776)

• Paine's political pamphlet brought the rising
  revolutionary sentiment into sharp focus by
  placing blame for the suffering of the colonies
  directly on the reigning British monarch, George
  III. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated
  an immediate declaration of independence,
  postulating a special moral obligation of America
  to the rest of the world. Not long after
  publication, the spirit of Paine's argument found
  resonance in the American Declaration of
  Independence. (www.earlyamerica.com)

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The Declaration of Independence Who was involved?

• Benjamin Franklin
• John Adams
• Robert R. Livingston
• Roger Sherman
• Thomas Jefferson

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War In Earnest (1776-1777)

• 1776-1777 most fighting - New York (Long Island)
  and New Jersey (Trenton and Princeton)
• New Jersey battleground between Loyalists
  Whigs.
• Most Loyalists moved to Canada, England or the
  British West Indies at the end of the war.

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Early Fighting in New Jersey
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Trenton, NJ (Dec. 25, 1776)

• The effect of the battle of Trenton was out of
  all proportion to the numbers involved and the
  casualties. The American effort across the
  colonies was galvanized and the psychological
  dominance achieved by the British in the
  preceding year overturned. Washingtons constant
  problem was to maintain the enthusiasm of his
  army for the war, particularly with the system of
  one year recruitment and Trenton proved a much
  needed encouragement. (www.britishbattles.com)

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Princeton, NJ (Jan. 3, 1777)

• The effect of the battles of Trenton and
  Princeton were to clear most of New Jersey of the
  British presence. The battles impressed upon the
  European powers that the Americans were able to
  confront the British Army and the decisive
  intervention of France and Spain in the
  Revolutionary War came a step closer. General
  Washington showed himself to be a leader of
  resource and decision.
• (www.britishbattles.com)

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NewYork Pennsylvania Theater, 17771778

• Brandywine Creek, PA
• Germantown, PA
• Valley Forge, PA
• Monmouth Courthouse, NJ
• ---
• Saratoga, NY
• Lake Champlain, NY

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Brandywine Creek, PA (Sept. 11, 1776)

• Brandywine is not considered a decisive battle.
  Nevertheless it hastened the loss of Philadelphia
  to the British. The British failed to exploit
  their success.
• (www.britishbattles.com)

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Germantown, PA (Oct. 4, 1777)

• The British won the battle although failing to
  follow up the success, permitting Washington to
  withdraw and reform his army behind fortified
  positions.
• (www.britishbattles.com)

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Valley Forge, PA (Winter 1777-78)

• Valley Forge is the story of the six month
  encampment of the Continental Army of the newly
  formed United States of America under the command
  of General George Washington, a few miles from
  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Though no battle was
  fought here from December 19, 1777 to June 19,
  1778, a struggle against the elements and low
  morale was overcome on this sacred ground.
  (www.ushistory.org)

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Monmouth, NJ (1778)

• The Battle of Monmouth was an indecisive
  engagement in the American Revolution fought on
  June 28, 1778, near Monmouth Courthouse (now
  Freehold), N.J.
• During the battle, the heroism of the wife of
  one of the American soldiers who assisted the
  American forces gave rise to the legend of Molly
  Pitcher.It was the last major conflict in the
  North and the war's biggest one-day battle.

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Saratoga, NY (Sept. 19, 1777)The Turning Point

• the Battle of Saratoga was the turning point in
  the Americans' War of Independence.
• Americans sought French diplomatic recognition
  and military alliance
• Oct. 1777 at Saratoga an American victory
  convinced Louis XVI (16th) the Colonies were a
  viable country
• Feb. 1778, France recognized the USA
• June 1778, France declared war on Britain
  (Spanish and Dutch also declared war on England)
• British troops were diverted elsewhere

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War in the South, 17801781

• 8. Victory in the South
• 1778-1780 British focused on the Carolinas
• Headed back to Virginia in 1781 and established
  a base on Yorktown Peninsula, Virginia
• Surrounded in Summer 1781 by American and
  French armies and a French fleet under Admiral De
  Grasse
• October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered.
  Fighting ended.

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Revolutionary War in the South
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Charleston, SC - May 1780

• Port of Charleston captured by the British as
  part of their Southern Strategy

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Camden, SC - August 1780

• Continental Army General Horatio Gates defeated
  badly by British General Lord CharlesCornwallis

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General Nathanael Greene - The Fighting Quaker

• Arguably the most ABLE officer in the Continental
  Army besides Washington
• Appointed to replace the southern commander
  ()after the fall of Charleston, SC
• Tactics weakened Cornwallis in the South and
  forced the British to withdraw due to heavy
  casualties.

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Cowpens, SC - Jan. 1780

• Patriot victory which surprised the British
• General Francis Marion The Swamp Fox

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Kings Mountain, SC - October 7, 1780

• A pivotal and significant victory by American
  Patriots over American Loyalists during the
  Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War.
• The battle fought on October 7, 1780 destroyed
  the left wing of Cornwallis' army and effectively
  ended Loyalist ascendance in the Carolinas.
• The victory
• halted the British advance into North Carolina,
• forced Lord Cornwallis to retreat from Charlotte
  into South Carolina, and
• gave General Nathanael Greene the opportunity to
  reorganize the American army.

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Guilford Courthouse, NC - March 15, 1781

• British won a Pyrrhic victory
• British entered VA.
• Americans returned to Carolinas - denied British
  complete control of Carolinas

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Yorktown, VA - Oct. 19, 1781surrender of General
Cornwallis

• Oh God, its all over!
• Cornwallis trapped on Yorktown peninsula
• Forced to surrender British forces to Continental
  Army

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• Washington at Verplanks Point (p. 164)

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Cornwallis at Yorktown
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The Revolutionary War in the WestGeorge Rogers
Clark's Campaign, 17781779

• Frontier campaigns
• British, USA and Indians fought a
  vigorous series of battles in trans-Appalachia.
• Whoever won would control land west of the
  Appalachians.
• General George Rogers Clark victorious

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• Map 6.3 Native Americans and the War in the West,
  1778-1779 (p. 177)

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The Peace of Paris 1782-1783

• Americans represented by John Adams, John Jay,
  and Benjamin Franklin (June 1782)
• British recognized American independence
• British removed all troops from American soil.
• Mississippi River became western boundary of USA
• New Orleans, East and West Florida went to
  Spain

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• A Black Loyalist Pass, 1783 (p. 186)