Chapter 9 Matter on the Move: Gas Exchange and Transport

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Chapter 9 Matter on the Move Gas Exchange and
Transport

• Cells need food for a variety of reasons
  including for energy. All complex organisms need
  oxygen to retrieve the energy from this food by
  aerobic respiration. In this chapter we will
  learn how oxygen gets into organisms and travels
  to their cells.

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I. Respiration

• A. Respiratory Surface
• 1.
• 2.
• 3. must be near the that
  is supplying the oxygen
• 4. must be closely connected to the
  that delivers
  gases to and from cells.
• 5. most have a

moist
very thin
water or air
transport system
large surface area

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• B. Gas Exchange
• 1. ameba
• oxygen diffuses into the cell through the
• diffuses out of the
  cell through the cell membrane.

cell membrane
carbon dioxide
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• 2. earthworm
• oxygen diffuses through
• carried to cells by
• 3. fish and many other aquatic animals
• oxygen diffuses out of water into gills and in
  fish into their blood
• 4. insects
• tiny opening in the insects hard outer covering
• openings are connected to tubes called__________
  that deliver oxygen to the cells.
• 5. terrestrial vertebrates (land animals with
  backbones)
• inside the animal with blood
  vessels next to the to carry oxygen
  to the cells.

moist skin
blood
gills
tracheae
lungs
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C. Human Respiratory System

• 1. ________- take in air
• 2. nasal cavity
• hairs
• 3. ____________
• spot at the back of the mouth where the nasal
  cavity and mouth meet.
• 4. ____________
• contains vocal cords

nostrils
trap dirt
warms and moistens the air
pharynx
larynx
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trachea

• 5. ____________
• tube surrounded by rings of stiff cartilage to
  keep it open
• 6. ____________
• two branches at the end of the trachea
• 7. ____________
• branches from the bronchi in the lungs
• cilia- most of the above tubes have mucus and
  cilia, which are microscopic hair-like
  structures that sweep toward the
  pharynx where it is swallowed

bronchi
bronchioles
dust upward
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alveoli

• 8. ____________
• tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles.
• surrounded by
• oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the blood in
  the capillaries.
• carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into the
  alveoli.

capillaries
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D. Breathing

• Inhalation- air is moved into the lungs by
  lowering the air pressure in the lungs. Pressure
  is lowered when the muscles of the ribs move them
  upward and outward causing the rib cage to expand
  when the diaphragm (muscle at the bottom of the
  chest cavity) contracts and moves down.
• Exhalation-diaphragm and rib muscles ,
  chest cavity decreases, pressure
  and air moves out

relax
increases
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E. Problems of the respiratory system

• 1. smoking- each cigarette takes
  off your life
• - average smoker cuts
  off their life
• - causes cancer
• - causes problems with unborn babies
• - paralyzes cilia
• 2. __________- inflammation of bronchial tubes
• -mucus plugs tubes and makes breathing
  difficult
• 3. __________- bronchi contract and become
  narrow and restrict the flow of air
• 4. ____________- alveoli break down which
  decreases the respiratory surface
  area.
• 5. _______________- disease caused by a bacteria
  or virus that causes the alveoli to fill
  with fluid.

five minutes
six to eight years
bronchitis
asthma
emphysema
pneumonia
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II. Transport- absorption and circulation

• __________- the movement of materials from one
  part of the body to another
• __________- the process by which food molecules
  enter cells after digestion

Circulation
Absorption
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• 1. ameba- moves things in and out of the cell
  through the
• 2. plants- (increase surface
  area) to absorb water and minerals
• __________- moves water upward in the plant vein
• __________- moves food in the plant
• __________- let gases in and out of leaves
• ______________- the evaporation of water
  from the stomates in the
  leaves.

cell membrane
root hairs
xylem
phloem
stomates
transpiration
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• 3. Crayfish- heart in its dorsal (back) surface
• pumps blood into seven large arteries
• blood squirts out of these arteries and flows
  around the cells of the body
• - blood eventually flows back to the heart and
  enters it through three small openings
• - _______________________- blood leaves vessels

Open circulatory system
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arteries

• 4. fish- blood leaves heart through
• - arteries branch into smaller and smaller
  arteries and eventually into microscopic
  _______________.
• - as blood returns to the heart, the
  capillaries join together to form small veins.
  Veins join into larger and larger veins. Veins
• - blood starts in the atrium of the heart
  and is pumped to the ventricle. The ventricle
  pumps blood to the gills and then it travels
  through the rest of the body and then back to the
  heart.
• - two chambered heart
• - ________________________- blood remains
  in vessels

capillaries
return blood to the heart
Closed circulatory system
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• 5. frog- three chambered heart (two atriums and
  one ventricle)
• - structures in the ventricle keep blood
  entering from the right atrium and blood
  entering from the left atrium relatively
  separate
• pulmonary circulation-
• systemic circulation-

RA to V to Lungs to LA
LA to V to Body to RA
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• 6. humans- chambers

four
RA ? RV ? Lungs ? LA ? LV ? Body ? RA
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• - arteries-
• - blood in arteries is under pressure so
  arteries are
• - capillaries-
• - come close to every cell in the body
• - gases and nutrients leave the blood of the
  capillaries and go into the intercellular fluid
  and then into the cells
• wastes leave cells and enter the blood here
• - veins- blood is under low pressure
• -
• - to keep blood flowing in one
  direction
• - as body muscles push on veins it
  squeezes them and causes blood to move

carry blood away from the heart
thick, muscular, elastic
microscopic
thin walls, not elastic
valves
toward the heart
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• -systolic pressure- high pressure in your
  arteries caused by the
• -diastolic pressure- the low pressure in your
  arteries that occurs

pumping of the left ventricle
just before your left ventricle pumps again
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• blood- fluid tissue that travels through your
  circulatory system
• plasma- liquid portion of the blood
• - water
• - carries
• - contains the protein fibrinogen
  that helps clot the blood

90
nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.
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contain hemoglobin

• red blood cells (RBC)-
• -
• -
• white blood cells (WBC)- five types
• -
• platelets-

carry oxygen
most numerous blood cell
protect the body against diseases
help clot the blood
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• Cardiovascular diseases
• - ____________- when coronary arteries are
  blocked and oxygen cant get to cells of the
  heart and they die
• - ______________- gradual build up of fatty
  deposits on the inside of arteries caused in part
  by cholesterol
• - ____________- blocked arteries in the brain

Heart attack
Atherosclerosis
Strokes