Developing Measures and Actions to Address Limiting Factors and Threats

1
Developing Measures and Actions to Address
Limiting Factors and Threats

• Todd Alsbury
• District Fish Biologist
• North Willamette Watershed District

2
Presentation Outline

• Limiting factors threats to Lower Gorge
  populations
• Bonneville Hatchery complex
• Land Use-Highway and R/R
• LF T to Sandy populations and brief discussion
  of management actions
• Sandy Hydro
• Sandy Hatchery
• Sandy Land Use
• LFT to Clackamas populations and overview of
  management actions to address specific threats
• Clackamas Hydro
• Clackamas and Eagle Creek hatcheries
• Clackamas Land Use

3
Bonneville Cascade Hatchery
Oxbow Hatchery
Lower Gorge Populations
4
Current Status of Lower Gorge Populations
5
Lower Gorge-Hatchery Threats
3 - Interbreeding of stray hatchery Tule Chinook
from Bonneville, hatchery coho from various
sources. Redd superimposition from hatchery
strays.
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Lower Gorge-Hatchery Key Threats

• Chinook and Coho
• Specific Threat
• Interbreeding and redd superimposition of
  hatchery strays
• Tule fall Chinook from Bonneville Hatchery URB
  fall Chinook from Bonneville Coho from Cascade,
  Oxbow, and Bonneville Hatchery Steelhead from
  various hatcheries.
• Management Action
• Hatchery operations designed to reduce impact of
  hatchery strays.
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain evaluate to determine success in
  relationship to recovery goal
• Modifications Needed?
• Not determined at this time.
• Timelines
• Ongoing

7
Lower Gorge Land-use Threats
8b - Simplified habitat in both Hwy and railroad
lands for all steelhead life stages, chum eggs,
alevins, fry, returning adults, and spawners, and
fall Chinook returning adults and spawners.
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Lower Gorge-Land useKey Threat

• Coho, Chum, Fall Chinook, Winter Steelhead
• Specific Threat
• Simplified habitat in both Hwy and railroad lands
  for all steelhead and coho life stages, chum
  eggs, alevins, fry, returning adults, and
  spawners and fall Chinook returning adults and
  spawners.
• Management Action
• Restore habitat adversely affected by Hwy and
  railroad lands.
• Work with Union Pacific Rail to develop habitat
  friendly track management options
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain evaluate in relationship to recovery
  goal.
• Modifications Needed?
• Not determined at this time.
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Sandy Hatchery
Sandy Populations
11
Current Status of Sandy Populations
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Sandy Harvest Threats
No in-basin harvest threats identified
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Sandy Hydro Threats
1c-Direct mortality from hydropower production at
Marmot and Little Sandy Dams
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Sandy Hydro-Secondary Threats

• Fall and spring Chinook
• Specific Threat
• Direct mortality from hydropower production
  associated with Marmot and Little Sandy Dams
• Management Action
• Eliminate direct mortality associated with PGE
  Bull Run Hydropower Project (Marmot and Little
  Sandy Dam decommissioning).
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain
• Once action is complete, threat will be
  eliminated
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing pending dam removal in 2007

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Sandy Hydro-Priority Locations
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Marmot/Little Sandy Dam

• Marmot Dam scheduled to be de-commissioned in
  2007
• Little Sandy Dam scheduled for 2008
• Both dam structures and all associated facilities
  will be removed
• Fish ladder, flume, Roslyn Lake, Bull Run
  Powerhouse
• Concerns related to deposition of accumulated
  sediment downstream from Marmot Dam
• Fish management issues related to dam removal
• Sorting of hatchery and wild fish
• Loss of fish monitoring capabilities

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Marmot Dam

• Built in 1909
• 45 feet high
• 345 feet long
• Water diversion structure

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Marmot Dam
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Little Sandy Dam

• 15 feet high
• 115 feet long
• No fish passage
• Almost all flow diverted through flume and into
  Roslyn Lake

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Sandy Hydro System
21
Sandy Land-use Threats
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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• All species
• Specific Threat
• Fine sediment inputs from variety of sources
  (above and beyond natural background levels)
• Management Action
• Identify fine sediment sources contributing to
  excess fine sediment in tributaries (timber,
  agricultural, urban)
• Work with ODOT to improve management of road sand
  from Hwy 26
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• All species with the exception of chum
• Specific Threat
• Impact of land use practices on physical habitat
  complexity and off channel habitat
• Management Action
• Improve habitat complexity and off channel
  habitat availability, particularly in areas with
  high intrinsic potential for high quality habitat
  
• Utilize established plans and inventories to
  implement high priority restoration actions
  (Anchor Habitat Report, Restoration Strategy)
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• Coho
• Specific Threat
• Stress/mortality associated with high water
  temperature
• Management Action
• Improve summer water temperature in stream
  reaches that fail DEQ criteria for water
  temperature standards for salmonids due to
  anthropogenic causes.
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• Chum
• Specific Threat
• Passage at road crossings and other land use
  related passage impediments
• Management Action
• Identify and prioritize fish passage projects in
  the basin
• Improve access to high quality spawning and
  rearing areas
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Success may depend on suitability of habitat made
  available
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Sandy River Basin Partners-Developed Anchor
Habitat Report, Basin Characterization Report and
Restoration Strategy (All available through the
Portland Water Bureau website)
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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• Chinook (all) and Winter Steelhead
• Specific Threat
• Impaired gravel recruitment below Bull Run Dams
• Management Action
• Improve gravel recruitment in lower Bull Run by
  augmenting gravel below Bull Run Dam 2
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Feasibility of augmenting gravel and keeping it
  in basin
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Bull Run 1
Bull Run 2 Spillway weir
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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• Spring Chinook and Winter Steelhead
• Specific Threat
• Impaired passage over Bull Run dams
• Management Action
• Improve upstream and downstream passage at Bull
  Run dams (City of Portland is not proposing to
  provide passage at Bull Run Dams)
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Pending City of Portland HCP outlines actions to
  mitigate for not providing passage at the dams
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results of HCP actions
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Sandy Land Use-Key Threats

• All species with the exception of chum
• Specific Threat
• Altered streamflows due to Bull Run
• Management Action
• Improve streamflows altered by withdrawal of
  municipal water
• The City of Portland will maintain guaranteed
  minimum streamflows in the lower Bull Run River
  to benefit fall and spring Chinook, steelhead,
  and coho
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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City of Portland Habitat Conservation Plan

• Portlands Bull Run Water Supply Habitat
  Conservation Plan will describe the commitments
  the Bureau will make to improve habitat necessary
  for the fish species that have been impacted by
  the Bull Run supply system. Measures in the plan
  will also address water temperature requirements
  of the Clean Water Act.
• Actions include Purchase of conservation
  easements, riparian enhancement, fish passage
  restoration, LWD placement, side channel
  development
• Current list identifies over 100 actions that
  will improve habitat for listed fish throughout
  the basin

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Sandy-Hatchery Threats
Sandy Threats
2a- Hatchery weir at Sandy Hatchery on Cedar
Creek 3-Hatchery strays from Sandy Hatchery
interbreeding with naturally produced fish
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Sandy Hatchery-Priority Locations
Sandy Hatchery

• Stray hatchery coho from Sandy Hatchery in Gordon
  Creek
• Stray hatchery spring Chinook in the upper Sandy
  Basin

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Sandy Hatchery-Secondary Threats

• Coho and winter steelhead
• Specific Threat
• Hatchery weir at Sandy Hatchery on Cedar Creek
  used to divert adult salmon and steelhead into
  hatchery trap completely blocks passage
• Management Action
• Improve impaired passage at Sandy Hatchery weir
• Implement trap and haul operation to selectively
  pass unmarked fish upstream
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Passage plans and designs currently being
  developed

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Sandy Hatchery

• Passage blocked since hatchery constructed in
  1956 (over 12 miles of anadromous habitat above
  hatchery)
• Blocked to prevent possible pathogen introduction
  into hatchery fish
• Identified as one of the top priorities for
  passage restoration in the Sandy Basin
• Future direction
• Water intake upgrade (NMFS criteria screening)
• Passage plan (trap and haul?)
• Adult trapping facility upgrade

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Sandy HatcheryAdult diversion weir
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Sandy Hatchery
Wooden picket weir blocks passage at most flows
Adult trap and holding pens
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Sandy HatcheryWater intake dam fish screens
Concrete intake diversion dam -Old fish ladder is
not functional
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Sandy Hatchery-Secondary Threats

• Coho and spring Chinook
• Specific Threat
• Hatchery strays from Sandy Hatchery interbreeding
  with naturally produced fish
• Management Action
• Reduce impact of hatchery strays by increasing
  homing to specific acclimation/release sites
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• Returns from recent program changes will not be
  seen for 2-3 years
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Program modifications are ongoing

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Clackamas Hatchery
Clackamas Populations
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Current Status of Clackamas Populations
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Clackamas Hydro Threats
1b-Injury, and direct mortality of downstream
migrating spring Chinook, steelhead, and coho
smolts at hydropower operations 7c-Inadequate
high quality spawning gravel for fall and spring
Chinook salmon due to impaired gravel
recruitment below hydro projects 8a-Reduced
habitat quality due to hydro project
operations 9a-Higher water temperature due to
project operations result in increase stress and
mortality on coho summer parr, spring Chinook
summer parr, steelhead summer parr, and
potentially fall chinook eggs
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• Injury and direct mortality of downstream migrants

Deep Creek
Clear Creek
Rivermill Dam
Eagle Creek
North Fork Dam

• Inadequate spawning gravel recruitment below
  hydro projects

• Reduced habitat quality due to hydro project
  operations

• Increased temperature due to reservoir heating
  project operations

Hydro-PriorityLocations
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Hydro-Key Threats

• Spring Chinook
• Specific Threat
• Mortality of smolts at hydropower facilities (2nd
  Threat for coho/StHd)
• Management Action
• Retrofitting of hydro facilities to reduce
  juvenile mortality per FERC Settlement Agreement
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain Potential survival gains have not been
  demonstrated or evaluated in relationship to
  recovery goals
• FERC license not issued (pending 401 Water Qual.
  Certification)
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations propose changes
  based on recovery scenarios
• Timelines
• Review and Recommendations Recovery Plan
• Implementation per Settlement Agreement

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Specific actions to address key
threats-Clackamas River Hydropower

• Portland General Electric is currently in the
  process of renewing their FERC license for the
  Clackamas Hydro project
• The Settlement Agreement identified several
  actions that are designed to address threats
  related to juvenile mortality at hydro facilities
• Reduce anadromous downstream migrant injury and
  mortality through Clackamas River Hydro Project
  (98 survival target)
• Surface collector for out-migrating juveniles to
  increase number of fish using juvenile bypass
  pipeline and limiting turbine and spill related
  mortality
• Improve spillways to reduce injury/mortality
• Increase minimum flows needed to provide for
  natural outmigration

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Hydro-Secondary Threats

• Fall and Spring Chinook
• Specific Threat
• Loss of spawning gravel due to impaired sediment
  transport below projects
• Management Action
• Add spawning gravel below projects annually per
  FERC Settlement Agreement
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Uncertain
• Not clear if actions will be effective or
  adequate to meet the goals of the recovery plan
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations propose changes
  based on recovery scenarios
• Timelines
• Evaluation and Recommendations Recovery Plan
• Implementation per Settlement Agreement

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Specific actions to address threats-Clackamas
River Hydropower

• Actions identified in the Settlement Agreement
  between PGE and the Clackamas Settlement Working
  Group
• Augment spawning gravel lost due to impaired
  gravel transport processes
• 10,000-25,000 cubic yards of spawning sized
  gravel will be added to the river below Rivermill
  Dam
• Action will restore natural geomorphic processes,
  increase available spawning gravel, and
  potentially reduce temperature downstream
• Benefits
• fall Chinook spawning (Threat Code 7c) and egg
  incubation (9a)
• spring Chinook spawning (7c) and rearing (9a)
• winter steelhead - egg incubation and rearing
  (9a)
• coho rearing and migration (9a)

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PGE/Clackamas Hydro System
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• State of the art fish ladder improves upstream
  migration
• New concrete spillway reduces mortality of
  juvenile (1b) and adult StW downstream migrants
• Gravel augmentation program (7c)

River Mill Dam
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River Mill Fish Ladder
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North Fork Dam

• Improve downstream migrant survival by guiding
  fish to pipeline entrance (1b)
• Reduce turbine related mortality and delay (1b)
• Improve spillway to limit spillway related
  mortality (1b)

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Hatchery Threats
3-Hatchery Strays from Eagle Creek Hatchery
interbreeding with naturally produced fish in
lower Clackamas (Deep Eagle Cr) 3-Hatchery
Strays from Clackamas Hatchery interbreeding with
naturally produced fish in the lower Clackamas
River
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Hatchery-Key Threats

• Coho
• Specific Threat
• Hatchery strays from Eagle Creek Hatchery
  interbreeding with naturally produced fish in
  lower Clackamas (Deep Eagle Cr)
• Recent monitoring indicates some level of
  temporal and spatial separation between hatchery
  and wild coho in lower basin
• Management Action
• Currently Under evaluation by HSRG and USFWS
• Proposals range from maintaining current program,
  reducing smolt releases, changing broodstock, to
  elimination of the program
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Unknown evaluate range of proposals in relation
  to recovery goal
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending further monitoring and analysis
  revise as necessary based on results
• Timelines
• Hatchery Scientific Review Group (HSRG) process
  ongoing
• Public comment period on USFWS review through
  March 8

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Clear Creek
Eagle Creek NFH
Clackamas River
Rivermill Dam
North Fork Dam

• Hatchery Priority Locations
• Stray hatchery coho from Eagle Creek Hatchery in
  Rock, Deep and Eagle creeks

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Specific actions to address threat-USFWS review
of Eagle Creek NFH developed a range of
recommendations to address potential threats to
wild Clackamas coho

• Maintain current program (500,000 early-run coho)
• Implement full range of program specific
  recommendations
• Provides tremendous benefits to important sport
  and commercial fisheries close to Portland/Metro
  area
• Reduce smolt release numbers
• Reduce level of risk to naturally produced fish
• Minimize swamping the natural population
• Transfer some portion of production to Youngs
  Bay net pens
• Modify broodstock source
• Current program is segregated and is a
  combination of numerous sources both inside and
  outside the basin
• Clackamas River late wild stock?
• Integrated Eagle Creek stock?
• Eliminate program
• Completely removes risk to lower river coho
• Reduces fishery benefits since fishery targets
  early run fish from this program

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Hatchery-Secondary Threats

• Spring Chinook
• Specific Threat
• Spring chinook from Clackamas Hatchery
  interbreeding with naturally produced spring
  chinook in the lower Clackamas River
• Management Action
• Modify hatchery practices to reduce interactions
  between hatchery origin spring Chinook and
  naturally produced spring Chinook.
• Options include developing new acclimation
  facilities, maintaining fish on-station,
  improving hatchery facility, reducing release
  numbers, improving fishery benefits.
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Unknown Benefits from recent changes not
  realized and additional changes are in process
• Potential actions will be evaluated in
  relationship to recovery goals
• Modifications Needed?
• Increase homing to existing and pending
  acclimation/release sites
• Timelines
• Evaluation and Recommendations Recovery Plan
• Implementation - Ongoing

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Deep Creek
Clear Creek
Eagle Creek
Rivermill Dam
North Fork Dam
Clackamas Hatchery
Hatchery Priority Locations

• Hatchery spring Chinook in the Lower Clackamas
  River

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Specific actions to address secondary hatchery
threat-Clackamas Hatchery Spring Chinook

• Develop new acclimation facilities
• Utilize sites that have a unique water source to
  increase homing to specific areas
• Benefit anglers by slowing fish down and
  spreading them throughout the lower river
• Off-station release sites include Eagle Creek
  (160,000), Cassidy Pond (80,000), Foster Creek
  (80,000), and Clackamette Cove (160,000)
• Maintain fish on-station to improve homing to
  Clackamas Hatchery
• Juvenile spring chinook are transferred to two
  different rearing facilities out of basin
• May effect homing to hatchery or Clackamas basin
• Upgrade hatchery facility
• Utilize all hatchery space to provide for
  management flexibility
• Allows for marking and monitoring of special
  release groups

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Specific actions to address secondary hatchery
threat-Clackamas Hatchery Spring Chinook

• Reduce release numbers to manage level of risk
• Current program releases 1.15 million spring
  Chinook
• Roughly 900,000 are currently released on-station
• Modify broodstock source
• Current program is segregated but is based on
  in-basin stock
• Due to increased numbers of wild fish, the
  opportunity to integrate the program may exist
• Minimizes risk to natural populations if hatchery
  produced fish interbreed with naturally produced
  fish

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Clackamas Land-use Threats
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Land Use-Key Threats

• Coho, fall and spring Chinook, winter steelhead
• Specific Threat
• Physical habitat quality/quantity (a loss of
  complexity /or off-channel habitat due to land
  management activities)
• Management Action
• Use existing assessment and action plans (i.e.
  Clackamas Basin Action Plan to focus restoration
  efforts)
• Continue to conduct habitat inventories as needed
  to identify and prioritize future restoration
  opportunities
• Continue to work with state and federal agencies,
  municipalities, watershed councils, and
  landowners to conduct collaborative projects
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Unknown
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations propose changes
  based on recovery scenarios
• Timeline-Ongoing

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• Land Use Priority Locations
• Reduced habitat complexity due to floodplain and
  riparian development, stream channelization, and
  limited large wood input

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Specific Actions to Address Key Land Use
Threats-Clackamas Land Use

• Utilize established plans (i.e. Clackamas Basin
  Action Plan) and inventories to identify and
  prioritize habitat actions based on their ability
  to improve viability parameters
• Action Plan identifies projects that would
  restore habitat complexity by adding large wood
  and re-connecting side channel habitat as
  priorities
• Numerous projects already completed by local
  groups (Clackamas River Basin Council, PGE,
  METRO, ODFW, and many others)
• Habitat inventories can assist in identifying
  reach specific actions
• Inventories complete in Clear, Deep, and North
  Fork Eagle Creek
• Need to update old inventories and complete
  inventories in basins yet to be surveyed

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Clackamas Action Plan- Priority Locations
In general terms ecological integrity is
generally higher on forestland, and decreases in
agricultural and urban landscapes. Restoration
and enhancement actions will therefore generally
focus on the much smaller but more altered
landscapes in the lower Clackamas River basin
that is primarily in private ownership.
Strategies and actions are organized by ten
major geographic groupings. These groupings are
based on land ownership and land use
considerations as well as natural
characteristics. Emphasis is placed on the
private lands area in the Lower Basin, consistent
with the Councils mission.
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City of Portland-Actions to benefit habitat in
the Lower Willamette River and tributaries within
city limits

• Sustainable Stormwater Management Program (SSMP)
• Provides outreach, financial and technical
  assistance, and education for new and
  redeveloping properties that incorporate
  innovative stormwater techniques performance
  evaluation of stormwater management facilities
• Erosion Control Program
• Identify proactive practices that can be taken to
  prevent erosion, releases of sediment and other
  pollutants generated at a site of ground
  disturbance
• City-wide Revegetation Program
• Revegetation Program restores native vegetation
  in riparian, wetland and upland habitats to
  provide habitat, protect water quality and
  protect infrastructure
• Habitat Restoration Program
• Projects designed to restore fish and wildlife
  habitat, improve water quality, restore normative
  flows and improve flood management

69
Specific Actions to Address Key Land Use
Threats-Clackamas Land Use

• Reduced physical habitat quality/quantity (a loss
  of complexity /or off-channel habitat due to
  land management activities)
• Restore side-channel habitat lost due to
  channelization, reduced large wood loading, and
  bank armoring
• Increase habitat complexity in streams
  experiencing reduced wood loading due to
  floodplain/riparian development and past timber
  harvest practices

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Parsons Side Channel Restoration
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Parsons Side Channel - Project Location
Project Location
USGS DAMASCUS QUAD
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Parsons Project Groundwater Channel, Overflow
Channel Side Channel
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Overflow Channel - Located on left bank looking
downstream from Barton Bridge
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Parsons Overflow Channel

• Before
• 4-6 feet of accumulated sediment
• Reed canary grass, blackberry
• Fish entrapment

• After
• Over 400,000 cubic yards removed
• River gravel exposed
• 1800 feet of channel restored

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Overflow Channel

• Winter rearing and refuge habitat for juvenile
  salmonids.
• Actively flowing when Clackamas River discharge
  exceeds 1,000 cfs (Oct - Jun)

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Overflow Channel
Engineered logjam at side-channel entrance
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Overflow Channel - Low high water
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Groundwater Channel Located on left bank
downstream of Barton Bridge
Clackamas River
Groundwater Channel
Barton Park
Bakers Ferry Rd.
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Parsons Groundwater Channel

• 1-3 cfs of groundwater flow in summer
• 2-5 cfs of groundwater flow in winter
• Back-watered during flood events

Channel construction and large woody debris
installations
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• Measurements of stream temperature taken to
  assess potential benefits to salmonids
• Affect of hyporheic flow provides benefits during
  summer and winter

81
River Island Goose Creek
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River Island Goose Creek

• Reshape Floodplain (G)
• Lower/remove dike (F)
• Fill and grade northern and middle ponds (B and
  C)
• Open lower end of abandoned channel (A)
• Preserve southern pond (D)
• Preserve former settling basin (E)

83
Land use-Secondary Threats

• Coho, chum, fall Chinook, winter steelhead
• Specific Threat
• Fine sediment inputs from variety of sources that
  impacts the survival of coho, fall Chinook, chum,
  and steelhead eggs and alevins
• Management Action
• Reduce fine sediment inputs that adversely impact
  incubating eggs and alevins (agricultural, timber
  harvest, roads, urban development)
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Unknown evaluate in relationship to recovery
  goal
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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• Land use-Priority Locations
• Fine sediment inputs from a variety of land use
  sources

85
Specific Actions to Address Secondary
Threats-Clackamas Land-use

• Fine sediment inputs from variety of sources that
  impacts the survival of coho, fall Chinook, chum,
  and steelhead eggs and alevins
• Inventory and monitor sediment sources in order
  to prioritize restoration actions (Clackamas
  Action Plan)
• Streambank bio-engineering in urban landscapes
• Riparian planting projects
• Volunteer opportunities
• Landowner incentives

86
Land use-Secondary Threats

• Coho, fall and spring Chinook, winter steelhead
• Specific Threat
• High water temperatures due to degraded riparian
  conditions result in increase stress and
  mortality on coho summer parr, spring Chinook
  summer parr, steelhead fry and summer parr, and
  potentially fall chinook eggs.
• Management Action
• Improve summer water temperature in stream
  reaches that fail DEQ criteria for water
  temperature standards for salmonids due to
  anthropogenic causes.
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Unknown evaluate in relationship to recovery
  goal
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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• Land use-Priority Locations
• High water temperatures resulting from degraded
  riparian conditions

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Specific Actions to Address Secondary
Threats-Clackamas Land-use

• High water temperatures due to degraded riparian
  conditions result in increase stress and
  mortality on coho summer parr, spring Chinook
  summer parr, steelhead fry and summer parr, and
  potentially fall chinook eggs.
• Improve riparian conditions in all tributaries
• Protect existing healthy riparian areas
  throughout the basin
• Increase instream flow during summer months when
  temperature effects are greatest
• Purchase/lease water rights
• Eliminate illegal water withdrawal
• Promote water conservation

89
Land use-Secondary Threats

• Chum
• Specific Threat
• Road crossings and other land use related passage
  impediments impairs the upstream migration of
  returning adult chum
• Management Action
• Utilize existing inventory information to
  prioritize passage restoration actions to benefit
  chum salmon
• Is Action Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Unknown
• Need to evaluate in relationship to recovery goal
• Modifications Needed?
• None pending new evaluations revise as necessary
  based on results
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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• Land Use Priority Locations
• Road crossings and other passage impediments
  restricting access to chum spawning habitat

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Specific Actions to Address Secondary
Threats-Clackamas Land Use

• Road crossings and other land use related passage
  impediments impairs the upstream migration of
  returning adult chum
• Utilize existing inventories to identify passage
  projects that will benefit chum salmon
• Conduct inventory and assessment of historic chum
  habitat in tributaries outside Clackamas
  Sub-basin (Johnson, Kellogg, Abernethy creeks)
• Provide unrestricted passage at the Hwy
  99/McGloughlin Boulevard fishway on Kellogg Creek
• Improve passage at Hwy 43 culvert on Tryon Creek
• Assess passage status at Hwy 99 crossing over
  Abernethy Creek Beaver Lake fishway in Abernethy
  Creek

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Clackamas Hatchery
Mt. Hood National Forest
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Federal Land Management in the Clackamas
Basin-Northwest Forest Plan

• Ecosystem Management approach
• Focus on restoring natural processes, improving
  water quality, re-establishing connectivity,
  providing for species and habitat diversity
• Aquatic Conservation Strategy
• Key (priority) Watersheds
• Collowash River, Roaring River, Upper Clackamas,
  Oak Grove Fork
• Riparian Reserves
• 300 foot buffers on fish bearing streams, lakes
  and ponds
• 100-150 foot buffers on non fish-bearing streams
• Watershed Analysis
• Provides baseline information on health of
  watersheds in forest lands
• Watershed Restoration
• Focus restoration efforts in priority watersheds

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Key Land Use Threats

• Management Strategy Protect and conserve natural
  ecological processes that support the viability
  of populations and their primary life history
  strategies throughout their life cycle
• Specific Threat
• All degraded habitat limiting factors due to land
  management activities
• Management Actions
• Protect highest quality habitats through
  acquisition and conservation
• Adopt and manage Cooperative Agreements
• Conserve rare and unique functioning habitats
• Consistently apply Best Management Practices and
  existing laws to protect and conserve natural
  ecological processes
• Range of Programs to Address Strategy
• Federal Wilderness, Wild/Scenic rivers, Key
  Watersheds, CREP, CRP, etc.
• State OWEB, ODA (AWQMP)
• NGOs Nature Conservancy, Water Trust, etc.

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Key Land Use Threats-Contd

• Management Strategy Protect and conserve natural
  ecological processes that support the viability
  of populations and their primary life history
  strategies throughout their life cycle
• Are Programs Sufficient to Address Threat?
• Generally No limited scope, socio-political
  resistance, dependent on willing landowners, some
  programs too new to evaluate
• Modifications Needed?
• Expand out reach for programs like AWQMP,
  evaluate effectiveness of new and existing
  programs
• Timelines
• Ongoing

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Landuse Summary

• Action Plan provides solid technical basis for
  tributary-based recovery actions
• Need to evaluate in relationship to other Hs
• Focus on private lands where restoration
  potential is greatest
• Need evaluation of program sufficiency
• Portland Watershed Management Plan provides
  additional support for actions in tributaries and
  the lower Willamette
• Federal mgmt provides protection and restoration
  strategy for best habitats

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Thank you!
Please call if you have any questions or need
specific information related to material in this
presentation 971-673-6011 Todd.Alsbury_at_state.or.us