Presentation on Water Sector Development in Sindh: A case of Irrigation Reforms SANA Silver Jubilee

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Presentation onWater Sector Development in
Sindh A case of Irrigation ReformsSANA Silver
Jubilee ConventionSt. Louis, MOJuly 2009
ByNazeer Essaninazeeressani_at_yahoo.comnzessani
_at_hotmail.comHome 92 22 2656377 Cell 92 300
301 3385
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Outline of Presentation

• Chronological History and Basic Facts
• Wake up Call
• Blessing of Federal Government
• Constraints and Distribution Inequities
• The Politics of Direct Outlets
• Transparency and Corruption
• Current development Budget and Projects
• Irrigation Reforms
• Proposals- The Way Forward

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Chronological History and Basic Facts
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Indus River- Sindu originates
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Indus River, Sindu- from Tibet to Thatta

• Basic Facts
• - 21st largest river in the World with regard to
  Annual flow
• 3180 km long
• Crossing China, India, Pakistan
• Watershed 1165000 sq KM
• merge to Arabian Sea near Thatta
• Lifeline to Pak and Sindh economy and livelihood

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History of Canal Irrigation System in Sindh
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Irrigation Infrastructure Development in Sindh

• Irrigation in Sindh has a history of several
  thousand years
• Indus River is flowing since millions of years.
  It is mentioned in Vedas (Rigveda) - oldest book
  of Hindu Civilization
• The Indus civilization is the richest and one of
  the oldest in the world
• Irrigation canal systems were extended and
  improved during the late 1800s
• A major program for improvement and construction
  of new inundations canals was undertaken in the
  later half of the nineteenth century.
• Construction of barrages was started in 1924.
• Barrage commanded irrigation was introduced with
  the construction of Sukkur Barrage system in 1932
  commanding a gross area of some eight million
  acres on the left bank of the River Indus.
• Kotri Barrage and Guddu Barrage were completed in
  1955 and 1962 respectively.

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Irrigation System of Pakistan
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Chotiari
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Sindh Irrigation Network
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Schematic Diagram of Canal Systems in Sindh
Desert Pat Feeder
Guddu Barrage Max 1199672 cs 15 August 1976
13275 cusecs
Begari Sindh Feeder
Ghotki Feeder
14764 cusecs
8490 cusecs
N.W Canal, 9450 cs
Sukkur Barrage Max1166574 cs 15 August 1976
Rice Canal, 10658 cs
Dadu Canal, 5200 cs
Nara Canal, 13650 cs
Rohri Canal, 14100 cs
SIDA Admin Control Canal
Khairpur East Canal, 2094 cs
Khairpur West Canal 1940 cs
Kotri Barrage Max980329 cs 14 August 1976
Kalri Baigar Feeder, 9100 cs
Akram Wah 3100 cs
Fuleli Canal, 14860 cs
Pinyari Feeder, 13636 cs
Arabian Sea
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Sindh at Glance

• Third largest Province of Pakistan
• Covers an area of 140,935 Sq. Km. (18 of the
  countrys geography)
• Sindh From south to North 580 km and breadth is
  275-440 km from east to west. Provides sea port
  to country, Coast 350 km
• Indus Delta 250 sq km
• Population is approx 35 million (23 of the total
  population of the country). The women share in
  Sindh population is 48 - (fig may vary as per
  next census planned in 2009)
• Urban population 49, Rural 51
• Most of the rains fall between July and September
  during southwest monsoons.
• Rainfall is the only source of moisture for areas
  other than those irrigated. Two crop seasons
  Rabi (Winter), Kharif (Summer).
• Major crops are Wheat, Sugarcane, Rice and
  Cotton

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Water Network in Sindh

• Total gross command area (GCA) is 14.391 million
  acres
• Barrages 03
• Main Canals 14
• branch canals, distributaries and minors 1462
• WCs 42000
• More than 95 of the irrigation is from canal
  water.
• The system runs 13234 miles in form of main
  canals, branch canals, distributor canals and
  minor canals.
• Approx 80 of the area is underlain by saline
  groundwater
• Apart from irrigation system, Sindh has drainage
  system which as such is not contiguous and
  integrated. There are 13 existing surface
  drainage systems in Sindh, which serve a total
  area of over 6.2 Million acres (2.5 M ha) and
  have an aggregate length of about 2,981 miles
  (4,800 Km).
• In addition there are two sub-surface drainage
  systems, which serve an area of 0.10 Million
  acres (0.04 M ha).

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Poverty in Sindh

• The index of Poverty in Sindh is high, in rural
  Sindh it is deep and alarming.
• About 37 population lives below the poverty line
  compared to 33 in Pakistan on an overall basis.
• Over 70 of the rural population is landless.
• Rural households, including the landless, derive
  56 of their income from agriculture, directly or
  indirectly.
• The rural poor tend to be employed mostly as
  agri. wage workers.
• The concentration of poor is the highest among
  categories of households where the head is an
  unpaid family worker, sharecropper, or
  owner-cultivator owning less than 2 hectares of
  land..
• Rural Sindh is highly dependent on public
  services with little role of the private sector.
• Women in Rural Sindh is acutely disadvantaged and
  bear a disproportionately high share of the
  burden of poverty.

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Wake up Call
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Water Scarcity
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Blessing of Federal Government

• No substantial support and infrastructure
  development in Sindh- promoting only WAPDA
  instead provincial irrigation and power
  department- no poweronly irrigation
• Poorly and ineffective projects development-
  LBOD, Chotiary Reservoir- immature handing over
• Indirectly keeping federating units away from
  developing their own Water Vision and Water
  Policy
• Federally prepared National Water Policy and
  Water Visions- faulty, not acceptable and do not
  address inter provincial water conflict and
  environmental, social, poverty and sea water
  intrusion issues
• Net Result Poverty in Rural Sindh 53 compared
  to 33 for overall Pakistan and 37 for Sindh

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PRESENTLY IRRIGATED AREAS AND PROPOSED WATER
PROJECTS
NWFP
Disputed Territory
PUNJAB
BALOCHISTAN
SINDH
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Sindh in Irrigated Agriculture

• Water is lifeline of Sindh and Sindhis
• Sindhs contribution in Pakistans Agriculture
  GDP is approx 30 mainly through
• Wheat 15
• Cotton 23
• Livestock 28
• Sugarcane 31
• Rice 42
• Marine fish 70
• In return no recognition and water assurance to
  Sindh as per Accord

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Water Allocation Province-wise Indus Water Accord
1991 (Total Allocation 114.35 MAF)
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Volumetric Distribution for Sindh Total
Allocation (48.76 MAF)
Volume of Water (MAF)
Source RBMP Studies Vol. 1 IPD Sindh
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Water Resource Constraints..

• Climate in Sindh is Arid and Hot
• Minimal rainfall 140 mm annually
• Approx half of Sindh is non canal Command- only
  rain fed
• Shortage and less supply of Water from River-
  Violation of Water Accord
• 85 of Indus river flow occur during 90-120 days
  (June-Sept)
• 6.5 to 8.0 MAF Water losses between Sukkur to
  Kotri Barrage
• Disposal of saline drainage water and waste into
  river fresh water canals- urban waste (Hyd,
  Suk)
• 80 of the irrigated land in Sindh is underlain
  with saline and brackish underground water- not
  fit for agriculture
• Sea water intrusion encroached upto 35 km
  affecting 0.6 million ha of land

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Water Resource Constraints..

• No storage facility in Sindh except chotiary
  reservoir (0.7 MAF) which runs lower than
  capacity
• 10 declared wetlands of international importance
  (Ramsar Sites)- not enough water to feed them
  through regular supply, seepage or rain- major
  environmental threat
• Indus River Below Kotri is DRY
• Urban water consumer growing fast- Karachi takes
  1200 cusecs
• By 2025 Sindh requires additional 25 MAF to meet
  agriculture and non agriculture demand
• Sindh needs water for Development of Thar Coal-
  major challenge

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Water Resource Constraints

• Sindh canal command is 5.1 million ha. 1.3
  million ha is cultivable waste- could be brought
  under irrigation if water were available.
• 50 of total Sindh Canal Command has no drainage
  facility- result 32 irrigated area is saline
  and 43 waterlogged. Badin/ Thatta 80
• Punjab and Balochistan Drainage effluent- water
  quality threat to Indus from upper Riparian
• 2135 km is flood protective embankment-bund.
  Heavy flood can bring disaster
• Indus provides uninterrupted supply of water to
  Karachi Metropolis- 100 miles transportation- no
  major revenue/ recovery
• Irrigation System efficiency reduced to approx.
  30

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Transparency and Corruption

• Corruption influences the governance of water.
  The cost is distributed among individuals,
  society and environment.
• Poor people are particularly affected as
  corruption undermines their livelihood and divert
  investment that would otherwise benefit them
• Corruption drains water sector by reducing water
  access levels, discouraging investment and
  economic growth, undermining democratic
  principles, and increasing the strain on
  eco-system level.
• Public procurement system can not stop Low
  quality projects with highly inflated cost..
• World Bank estimates 30 to 40 overall in third
  world like Pakistan for water projects

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Distribution Inequities

• Externally, Sindh is already deprived of the
  share from Indus
• Poor, tail end and small farmer, women, peasant
  is most vulnerable
• Rural and urban elites have switched land to fish
  farms- taking more water than allocated
• Theft and tempering is very common
• Illegal pumping machines and cuts are common- no
  checks and control
• The culture of fish farms, hunting lakes has
  become fashion with so called rural and urban
  elites
• Colonial mannerisms have not been lost.
• Colonial power sector still operative in
  allocation of assets.

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The Politics of Direct Outlets (DOs)

• DOs form a serious constraint to judicious water
  distribution- it is like giving road access to a
  single home from free way of California
• Only powerful elite group can get it sanctioned
• Approx. 20-30 of irrigated command is served by
  Dos, especially in Nara Canal
• It forms major constraint in distribution
  equities as practically, Dos do not come under
  rotation

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No Washing Ghat Facility for Women at Canal
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Foot Bridge High Risk for Women and Children and
environment
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Sindh Dev. Budget 2009-10PKR 113 Billion

• Irrigation/Water Resource PKR 5.00 billion
• Rehabilitation of Channels PKR 1.25 billion
• RBOD PKR 3.50 billion
• Lining of Minors/Distris PKR 1.00 billion
• Rice Canal Lining Larkana City
• Small Dams Development
• Other portfolio in Sindh
• Police PKR 24.00 billion
• Karachi City PKR 20.00 billion
• Hyderabad City PKR 06.00 billion

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Irrigation Reforms

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Irrigation Service Management Challenge- a
financial aspect year 2001-02
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Irrigation Service Management Challenge- a socio
econ. aspect

• The poor water management service directly
  affects socio-economic condition of the people of
  Sindh province especially rural people who have
  direct stake in water-the main source of their
  livelihood.
• The index of Poverty in rural Sindh is deep and
  alarming. About 37 population lives below the
  poverty line compared to 33 in Pakistan on an
  overall basis.
• Over 70 of the rural population is landless.
  Rural households, including the landless, derive
  56 of their income from agriculture, directly or
  indirectly.

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SIDA -AWBs Status in Sindh

• TOTAL SIDA
• Barrages 3 0
• GCA 14.158 5.39MA
• CCA 12.576 4.81MA
• M Canals 14 4
• Distries 1446 369
• WCses 42000 9500
• Drains km 3690 2701
• (the fig are approximate)

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Reforms program to pursue.

• Involvement of farmers at all levels
• (esp. tail end small farmers - they are
  represented in Farmers Organisations
• and in Boards of AWBs and SIDA)
• Peoples participation, service delivery, fair
  water distribution
• Training and capacity building of IPD and SIDA
  for better water service delivery and management
• Public-Private Partnership

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Deprivation Ranking Sindh (Rural)
Ghotki AWB
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Proposal The Way Forward
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Proposal

• Unbundling of WAPDA and empowerment of Sindh
  (IPD) in Dam and other project construction in
  Sindh
• Complete Ban on sanctioning of Direct Outlets in
  order to avoid serving elites at the cost of poor
  and small farmers- CM Sindh may be convinced
• Transparency in resource allocation (and
  utilization)- objectively and need based delivery
• Development of Sindhs own Water vision, Water
  policy and Strategy- time for PPP to deliver

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Proposal

• Water Governance in Sindh Transparent
  /Accountable/efficient/Equitable
• Sindh may raise voice for rewriting National
  Water Policy, water sector strategy, water vision
  2025
• Strong support needed for reforms to involve
  farmers and water users in irrigation service
  Management
• Karachi and other urban centers and industrial
  units and govt. agencies must pay water charges
  to Sindh Govt (IPD/SIDA)
• Formation of Sindh Development Watch- Independent
  Group to monitor development projects, programmes
  - SDI and SANA may come forward-

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Indus River at Kotri
Mississippi river
at St. Louis
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THANK YOU